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2A Physiology Midterms > BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY > Flashcards

BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

______ - part of extracellular fluid

A

Blood

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2
Q

Blood formation - EC differentiated into ______ and ______

A

plasma, interstitial fluid

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3
Q

blood - ______ and ______

A

plasma, cells

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4
Q

The role of blood in internal environmental = ______

A

homeostasis

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5
Q

Blood = ______ + ______ cells

A

plasma, blood

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6
Q

______ - the percentage of total blood volume that blood cells occupy.

A

Hematocrit

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7
Q

BLOOD COMPOSITION

normal value
male: ______-______%

A

40, 50

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8
Q

BLOOD COMPOSITION

normal value
female: ______-______%

A

37, 48

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9
Q

BLOOD COMPOSITION

normal value
newborn: ______%

A

55

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10
Q

BLOOD COMPOSITION

  1. ______
  2. ______
A

Cellular components
Plasma

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11
Q

BLOOD COMPOSITION

Cellular components:
______
______
______

A

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
White Blood Cells (Leucocytes)
Platelets (Thrombocytes)

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12
Q

BLOOD COMPOSITION

Plasma:
98% ______ + ______ + ______ e.g. (______, ______, ______)

A

water, ions, plasma proteins, Albumin, globulin, Fibrinogen

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13
Q

______: Same ionic composition as interstitial fluid.

A

Plasma

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14
Q

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD

A

Specific gravity
Viscosity

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15
Q

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD

Specific gravity:

total blood (______-______) more influenced ______

A

1.050, 1.060, RBC

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16
Q

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD

Specific gravity:
plasma (______-______) more influenced by ______

A

1.025, 1.030, plasma protein

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17
Q

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD

Specific gravity:
RBC (______-______) more influenced by ______.

A

1.090, 1.092, Hb

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18
Q

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD

Viscosity:
Blood relative viscosity (______~______) mainly depends on the numbers of ______

A

4, 5, red blood cells

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19
Q

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD

Viscosity:
Plasma relative viscosity (______~______) is mainly involved in ______

A

1.6, 2.4, plasma protein

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20
Q

FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD

A

Transport
Homeostasis
Protecting against infections
Blood clotting prevent blood loss

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21
Q

FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD

Transport
______, ______, ______, ______, ______

A

02, CO2, nutrient, hormones, waste product

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22
Q

FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD

Homeostasis
Regulation of ______, ______

A

body temperature, ECF pH

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23
Q

FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD

Protecting against infections
______, ______

A

White Blood Cells, Antibodies

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24
Q

Blood Volume
______ liter in adult:
______% is packed cells volume (PCV).
______% is plasma volume.

A

5, 45, 55

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25
Q

Blood Cell Formation

______: Formation of RBC (erythrocytes)

A

Erythropoiesis

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26
Q

Blood Cell Formation

______: Formation of WBC (leucocytes)

A

Leucopoiesis

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27
Q

Blood Cell Formation

______: Formation of platelets (thrombocytes)

A

Thrombopoiesis

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28
Q

______: The forming processes of erythrocyte (red blood cell, RBC), leukocyte (white blood cell, WBC) and thrombocyte (platelet, P) originating from hematopoietic stem

A

Hemopoiesis

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29
Q

Red Blood Cells

Shape & size

______ Disc.

A

Flat Biconcave

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30
Q

Red Blood Cells

Shape & size

Non-______.

A

nucleated

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31
Q

Red Blood Cells

Shape & size

Diameter ______.

A

7-8 umx2.5umx1 um

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32
Q

Red Blood Cells

Shape & size

Flexible or not?

A

Flexible

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33
Q

Red Blood Cells

Shape & size

Average volume ______

A

90-95 um^3

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34
Q

Red Blood Cells

Shape & size

Number = ______

A

4.7 - 5 x10^6

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35
Q

Red Blood Cells

Shape & size

Hb = ______ in the blood

A

14-16 g/dl

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36
Q

Production of RBC
In-utero:
• Early few weeks of embryo nucleated RBCs are formed in ______.
• Middle trimester mainly in ______ & ______ & ______
• Last months RBCs are formed in ______ of all bones

A

yolk sac
liver, spleen, lymph nodes
bone marrow

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37
Q

Production of RBC
After Birth:
• ______ of flat bone continue to produce RBC into adult life
• Shaft of long bone stop to produce RBC at ______ while ______ continued

A

Bone marrow
puberty, epiphysis

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38
Q

Normal bone marrow conversion

Infant (______)

A

<1 year

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39
Q

Normal bone marrow conversion

Childhood (______)

A

1-10 years

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40
Q

Normal bone marrow conversion

Adolescent (______)

A

10-20 years

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41
Q

Normal bone marrow conversion

Adult (______)

A

> 25 years

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42
Q

Stages of differentiation of RBC

Stages of RBC development:
Committed stem cell:

(6)

A

• Proerythroblast
• basophil erythroblast
• polychromatophil erythroblast
• orthochromatic erythroblast
• Reticulocytes
• Mature erythrocytes

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43
Q

Stages of differentiation of RBC

In cases of rapid RBC production
→↑______ in the circulation.

A

reticulocytes

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44
Q

ERYTHROPOIESIS

Hemopoietic material for erythropoiesis: ______ and ______

A

iron (Fe++), protein

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45
Q

ERYTHROPOIESIS

Influencing factors of RBC maturity: ______ and ______ (______)

A

Vitamin B12, folic acid, DNA metabolism

46
Q

ERYTHROPOIESIS

Process of erythropoiesis (______-______ days)

47
Q

ERYTHROCYTE PHYSIOLOGY

Number of RBC: it is most numbers in the ______.
• Normal value (Male adult): ______; ave: ______
• Female adult: ______; average: ______
• Newborn: ______

A

blood
4.5~5.5x10^12/L, 5.0×10^12/L
3.8~4.6× 10^12/L, 4.2×10^12/L
≥ 6.0x10^12/L

48
Q

ERYTHROCYTE PHYSIOLOGY

Protein within RBC is ______:
• Hb in male adult: ______
• Hb in female adult: ______
• Hb in newborn (within 5 days): ______
• Pregnant female, numbers of RBC and Hb are relatively ______ (because of ______).

A

hemoglobin (Hb)
120~160 g/L
110~150 g/L
≥ 200 g/L
less, more plasma

49
Q

Functions of RBC

RBC can be used for transportation of ______, and ______, in the blood

RBC can be served as ______.

A

O, CO
pH buffer

50
Q

Main place for Erythropoiesis is ______. Another place is ______.

A

bone marrow, liver

51
Q

LIFE AND BREAKAGE OF RBC

Life-span: ______ days, about ______ months, each RBC circulates ______ km averagely in vessels, ______ life-span for aged RBC

A

120, 4, 27, short

52
Q

LIFE AND BREAKAGE OF RBC

Breakage: places are ______, ______ and ______, and after breakage, Hb released from RBC immediately combine with ______ (Hb touched protein) which is taken in by liver for ______ reuse.

A

liver, spleen, lymphatic node, plasma a2-globulin, iron

53
Q

LIFE AND BREAKAGE OF RBC

______, very toxic if it get into blood, normally, it can be metabolized into ______ in liver.

A

Hb, bile pigment

54
Q

Regulation of RBC production

Erythropoiesis is stimulated by ______ hormone produced by the ______ in response to ______ (low oxygen in the blood)

A

ERYTHROPOIETIN, kidney, hypoxia

55
Q

Regulation of RBC production

Hypoxia (low oxygen) caused by:

A

• Low RBC count (Anemia)
• Hemorrhage
• High altitude
• Prolonged heart failure
• Lung diseases

56
Q

Erythropoietin:
• ______protein
• ______% from renal cortex and ______% from the liver.
• Stimulate the growth of early ______.
• Does not affect ______
• Can be measured in ______ & ______.

A

Glyco, 90, 10, stem cells, maturation, plasma, urine

57
Q

Number of Leukocyte (white blood cells, WBC): ______

A

(4.0~10) ×10^9/L

58
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF LEUKOCYTE:

A

Granulocyte (neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil), Monocyte and Lymphocyte

59
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS OF WBC

A

Diapedesis
Chemotaxis
Phagocytosis

60
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS OF WBC

______: Metamorphosed WBCs pass through vessel wall getting into interstitial fluid.

A

Diapedesis

61
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS OF WBC

______: It is a process that WBCs shift to some chemical material (metabolic production, antigen-antibody complex, bacteria, toxin, etc).

A

Chemotaxis

62
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS OF WBC

______: It is a process that WBCs enclose and engulf exotic or extraneous material, and use intracellular enzyme digesting them.

A

Phagocytosis

63
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS OF WBC

______
- Another name, polymorphonuclear, PMN, 6-8 h in the vessels diapedisis, chemotaxis and phagocytosis (using its hydrolyzed enzyme)

A

Neutrophil

64
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS OF WBC

______
- Function: It plays a very important role in nonspecific cellular immunity system which is against pathogenic microorganism, such as bacteria, virus, parasite, etc.

A

Neutrophil

65
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS OF WBC

______
- Clinic relation: Number of this greatly increase occurring in acute inflammation and earlier time of chronic inflammation.

A

Neutrophil

66
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS OF WBC

______
- Circadian changes: Its number is lower in the morning and higher at night.

A

Eosinophil

67
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS OF WBC

______
- It limits and modulates the effects of basophil on fast allergic reaction.
- It is involved in immune reaction against worm with opsonization.

A

Eosinophil

68
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS OF WBC

______
- Clinic relation: Its number increase when person suffers from parasite infection or allergic reaction.

A

Eosinophil

69
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS OF WBC

______
- Circulatory time: 12 hours

70
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS OF WBC

Basophil
- Basogranules contain ______, ______, ______ and ______ for allergic reaction.

A

heparin, histamine, chemotactic factors, chronic reactive material

71
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS OF WBC

______
- Function: It is also involved in allergic reaction.

72
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS OF WBC

Monocyte
- diameter about ______ without granule

73
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS OF WBC

Monocyte
Function:
1. Phagocytosis
2. Monocytes in the tissue from blood are called
______
3. ______ induced by monocyte may modulate other cells growth.
4. ______ plays a very important role in specific immune response

A

macrophages, Cytokines, Monocyte-macrophage system

74
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS OF WBC

Lymphocyte
- Classification: It can be separated into ______ and ______.

A

T-Lymphocyte, B- Lymphocyte

75
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS OF WBC

Lymphocyte
- Function:
1. Lymphocytes serve as a ______ in immune responsive reaction.
2. T- Lymphocytes involved in ______.
3. B- Lymphocytes involved in ______.

A

nuclear role, cellular immunity, humoral immunity

76
Q

PLATELET OR THROMBOCYTE PHYSIOLOGY

Shape: ______ disk like, diameter about ______

A

Biconvex, 2-4 um

77
Q

PLATELET OR THROMBOCYTE PHYSIOLOGY

Complicated structure: ______, ______ body, ______ enzyme, ______ system, ______ system, ______,etc.

A

a- granule, dense, lysin peroxide, opening tubular, dense tubular, canaliculus

78
Q

PLATELET OR THROMBOCYTE PHYSIOLOGY

Dense body: It contains ______, ______, ______, ______, ______, etc.

A

ADP, ATP, 5-HT, Ca2+, epinephrine

79
Q

PLATELET OR THROMBOCYTE PHYSIOLOGY

Source: ______ from the ______

A

Megakaryocyte, marrow

80
Q

NORMAL VALUE AND FUNCTION OF PLATELET

Normal value: ______~______, range from ______%-______%

A

100×10^9, 300× 10^9, 6, 10

81
Q

NORMAL VALUE AND FUNCTION OF PLATELET

Normal changes: more number in the ______ than in the morning, more in ______ than in spring, more in the ______ than capillary, after sports, during pregnancy

A

afternoon, winter, venous blood

82
Q

NORMAL VALUE AND FUNCTION OF PLATELET

Function:
1. It maintains ______ cells smooth and ______ (repairing endothelium and providing nutrition).
2. It is involved in ______

A

capillary endothelial, integrated, physiological hemostasis

83
Q

LIFE-SPAN AND BREAKAGE OF PLATELET

Life-span: Averagely, ______ days in the blood. It can be consumed when it displays physiological functions.

84
Q

LIFE-SPAN AND BREAKAGE OF PLATELET

Breakage: Aged platelet can be processed by ______ in liver, spleen and lymphatic node.

A

phagocytosis

85
Q

______: The process from vessel bleeding to automatic hemostasia.

A

PHYSIOLOGICAL HEMOSTASIS

86
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL HEMOSTASIS

Bleeding time: The time from vessel bleeding to automatic hemostasia. Normal time is ______ and it is longer when platelet ______.

A

1-3 min, decrease

87
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL HEMOSTASIS

Process of hemostasis:

A

Blood vessel contraction or convulsion
Platelet thrombosis
Fibrin, clot formation and maintenance

88
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL HEMOSTASIS

Process of hemostasis:
______ (neuroreflex; 5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT; thromboxane A2, TXA2; endothelin, ET)

A

Blood vessel contraction or convulsion

89
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL HEMOSTASIS

Process of hemostasis:
______ (platelet adhesion, aggregation, release and contraction)

A

Platelet thrombosis

90
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL HEMOSTASIS

Process of hemostasis:
______ (blood coagulation activation)

A

Fibrin, clot formation and maintenance

91
Q

______: The process of blood flow from flowing liquid to gel or gelatin.

A

BLOOD COAGULATION BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR

92
Q

BLOOD COAGULATION BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR

Serum: ______ fluid after blood coagulation.

A

Light yellow

93
Q

BLOOD COAGULATION BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR

Difference between serum and plasma mainly consists in ______.

A

no fibrinogen in serum

94
Q

______ is a series of complicated biochemical reactions with various enzymes.

A

Blood coagulation

95
Q

______: Material which are directly involved in blood coagulation. There are ______ factors (Roman numerals) except Ca2+, phospholipid, other factors being protein, and except FIII (TF), others are in fresh plasma synthesized by liver with VitK.

A

Blood clotting factor, 12

96
Q

BLOOD COAGULATION PATHWAYS

A

Intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation
Extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation

97
Q

BLOOD COAGULATION

______: All blood clotting factors involved in blood coagulation come from blood. ______ with negative charges (______) on the endothelium of blood vessel activates blood FXII as beginning of coagulation named ______.

A

Intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation, Eyewinker surface, collagenin, surface activation

98
Q

BLOOD COAGULATION

______: Stimulus activates tissue factor (FIII) as beginning of coagulation.

A

Extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation

99
Q

______ of blood coagulation is faster than ______ of blood coagulation because its steps are more simple.

A

Extrinsic pathway, intrinsic pathway

100
Q

______ - involved in fibrinolysis, tissue repair and vessel rebirth.

A

Fibrinolytic system

101
Q

Two fibrinolytic systems: ______ (leucocyte, macrophage, endothelial cell, mesothelial cell and platelet) to engulf and digest fibrin and ______ (plasminogen activators (PA) and its inhibitors (PAI), plasminogen, plasmin)

A

cellular, plasma

102
Q

FIBRINOLYSIS

Endothelial cells (______ pathway)

103
Q

FIBRINOLYSIS

Kallikrein (______ pathway)

104
Q

BLOOD GROUP

History: ABO blood group system was founded by ______ in ______.

A

Landsteiner, 1901

105
Q

______: Types of specific antigens on the blood cell.

A

Blood group

106
Q

______: Combination of the same ______ (or named agglutinogen, glycoprotein/glycolipid on the membrane of blood coll) and ______ (or named agglutinin, r-globin in serum) results in harmful immune reactions showing ______.

A

Agglutination, antigen, antibody, hemolysis

107
Q

BLOOD GROUP OF RBC

Number: ______ types, ______ antigens, more important blood groups are ABO, Rh, MNSs, Lutheran, kell, Lewis, duff, kidd, etc and all of them could result in ______ during transfusion.

A

23, 193, hemolysis

108
Q

______ is widely used in clinic treatment.

A

Transfusion

109
Q

Principle of transfusion:

A
  1. Identification of blood group
  2. Cross-match test must be done
  3. The same types of blood group should be considered.
110
Q

TYPES OF TRANSFUSION

A

According to source of transfusion, allogenetic transfusion (more use), autologous transfusion.

According to component of transfusion, whole blood transfusion, transfusion of blood components

Autologous transfusion has some advantages.

111
Q

______ transfusion has some advantages:
It decreases ______.
It blocks syndrome (fever, hemolysis) induced by ______.
It stimulates ______ towards RBC.

A

Autologous, infection, allogenetic transfusion, bone marrow hemopoiesis

2A Physiology Midterms (8 decks)

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