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2A Physiology Midterms > BODY FLUIDS > Flashcards

BODY FLUIDS Flashcards

1
Q

Survival of cells require:

A
  • Constant volume and stable composition of the body fluids
  • Total body fluid volume and solute should be constant
    *Intake = output
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2
Q

______ ANALOGY
- Maintaining water homeostasis is a balancing act. The amount of water taken in must equal the amount of water lost.

A

WATER TANK

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3
Q

In steady state water intake= ______

A

water loss

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4
Q

______ - MAJOR COMPOSITION OF OUR
BODY
- ______% of the total body weight
- ______ liters ( 70 kg man)
- depends on age, gender, degree of obesity

A

WATER, 60, 42

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5
Q

2 major sources of body water:

A

Exogenous source
Endogenous source

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6
Q

2 major sources of body water:

______ source - ingested in the form of liquids or in the food (______ ml/day)

A

Exogenous, 2,100

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7
Q

2 major sources of body water:

______ source - synthesized in the body through oxidation of Carbohydrates (______ml/day)

A

Endogenous, 200

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8
Q

Total water intake - ______ml/day

A

2,300

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9
Q

Daily loss of body water:

A

Insensible fluid loss
Fluid loss in sweat
Water loss in feces
Water loss thru the kidneys (urine)

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10
Q

Daily loss of body water:

______
- Occurs continually in all living humans thru the skin and the lungs

Skin - by ______
• Minimized by the cornified layer of the skin-______ - excessive loss
• Normal: 300 - 400ml/day; 3-5 li/ day (burn victims)

Respiratory tract - by ______
• 300 - 400ml/day
• Greater loss of fluid from the lungs as the temperature ______ (cold weather where atmospheric vapor pressure is nearly 0)

A

Insensible fluid loss, diffusion, denudation, evaporation, decreases

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11
Q

Daily loss of body water:

______
- Highly variable - normal: ______ml/day
- Depends on physical activity and environmental temperature
- Hot weather or heavy exercise - ______ li/hr

A

Fluid loss in sweat, 100, 1-2

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12
Q

Daily loss of body water:

______
- = ______ml/day
- Increases in severe diarrhea

A

Water loss in feces, 100

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13
Q

Daily loss of body water:

______
- Most important means by which the body maintains a balance between fluid intake and output
- ______li/day - dehydrated person
- ______ li/ day with increase fluid intake

A

Water loss thru the kidneys (urine), 0.5, 20

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14
Q

Water occupies two main fluid compartments:

A

• Intracellular fluid (ICF)
• Extracellular fluid (ECF)
- Interstitial Fluid (IF)
- Plasma
- Transcellular Fluid
- Synovial, peritoneal, pericardial, intraocular, CSF
-1-2 L

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15
Q

TBW volume = ______ L, ______% body weight

A

40, 60

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16
Q

1/3 TBW 15 L, 20% body weight = ______

A

Extracellular fluid

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17
Q

2/3 TBW 25 L, 40% body weight = ______

A

Intracellular fluid

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18
Q

3/4 ECF 12 L, 80% of ECF = ______

A

Interstitial fluid

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19
Q

1/4 ECF 3 L, 20% of ECF = ______

A

Plasma

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20
Q

______ Fluid Compartment:
• Fluid of each cell contains almost the same concentration

A

Intracellular

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21
Q

______ Fluid Compartment:
• Constitutes approximately 40% of the total body weight ( 25 liters)

A

Intracellular

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22
Q

______ Fluid Compartment:
• Separated from the extracellular fluid by a selective membrane —- highly permeable to water only

A

Intracellular

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23
Q

______ Fluid Compartment:
• Contains K+, Phosphates, Mg+, SO4, Proteins

A

Intracellular

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24
Q

______ fluid compartment:
• All the fluids outside the cells

A

Extracellular

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25
Q

______ fluid compartment:
• Accounts for about 20% of the body weight

A

Extracellular

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26
Q

______ fluid compartment:
• =15 liters
______ 75% ( 12L)
______ 25% ( 3L)
- non cellular part of the blood
- communicates continuously with the interstitial fluid thru capillary membrane pores

A

Extracellular, Interstitial, Plasma

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27
Q

______ fluid compartment:
• Contains Na+, CI-, HCO3, Ca++

A

Extracellular

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28
Q

Each fluid compartment of the body has a distinctive pattern of ______

A

electrolytes

29
Q

______ fluids are similar (except for the high protein content of plasma)
- ______ is the chief cation
- ______ is the chief anion

A

Extracellular, Sodium, Chloride

30
Q

______ fluids have low sodium and chloride
- ______ is the chief cation
- ______ is the chief anion

A

Intracellular, Potassium, Phosphate

31
Q

Each compartment must have almost the same concentration of positive charge (______) as of negative charge (______)
(______)

A

cations, anion, Electroneutrality

32
Q

Positively charged ions slightly greater in plasma than the interstitial fluid due to ______

A

Donnan effect

33
Q

*______ - plasma proteins (net negative charge) —binds cations ( Na, K+)-extra
amount of cations in the plasma

A

Donnan Effect

34
Q

REGULATION OF FLUID EXCHANGE

  • Distribution of fluid between IC compartment and the EC compartment is determined by:
    ______ effect of smaller solutes acting across the cell membrane (sodlum, chloride, and other electrolytes)
    • the cell membranes are highly permeable to ______ but relatively impermeable to even small ions such as ______ and ______
    • water moves across the cell membrane rapidly, and the intracellular fluid remains ______ with the extracellular fluid.
A

Osmotic, water, sodium, chloride, isotonic

35
Q

______ - net diffusion of water from a region of high water concentration to a region of lower concentration
• The cell can either shrink or swell

A

OSMOSIS

36
Q

______ - refers to the number of osmotically active particles in a solution rather than the molar concentration
Example: 1 mole of glucose = 1 osm/li
1 mole of NaCl = 2 osm/li)

A

Osmole

37
Q

______ refers to the osmolal concentration of a solution expressed as osmoles per kilogram of water

A

Osmolality

38
Q

______ - osmoles/ liter of solution

A

Osmolarity

39
Q

______
• the precise amount of pressure required to prevent osmosis

A

Osmotic pressure

40
Q

______
• amount of pressure that must be applied to prevent the net diffusion of water thru the membrane

A

Osmotic pressure

41
Q

______
•Indirect measurement of the water and solute concentrations of a solution

A

Osmotic pressure

42
Q

The higher the ______ of a solution, the lower the ______ but the higher the ______
*directly proportional to the concentration of osmotically active particles in the solution
*proportional to its osmolarity

A

osmotic pressure, water concentration, solute concentration

43
Q

OSMOLARITY OF THE BODY FLUIDS
• 80% of the total osmolarity of the interstitial fluid and plasma is due to ______ and ______ ions
• 50% of the total osmolarity of the intracellular fluid is due to ______ ions

A

sodium, chloride, potassium

44
Q

• Small changes in concentration of impermeant solutes in the extracellular fluid can cause tremendous change in cell volume
The body is trying to achieve ______

A

osmotic equilibrium

45
Q

• ______ solution (less than 280 mosm/li)
- cell swells

A

Hypotonic

46
Q

• ______ solution ( 280 mosm/li) - no change

A

Isotonic

47
Q

• ______ solution ( more than 280mosm/li)
- cell shrinks

A

Hypertonic

48
Q

Factors that can cause exchange in extracellular and intracellular volumes:

A

• Ingestion of water (over hydration)
• Dehydration
• Intravenous infusions of different types of solutions
• Loss of large amounts of fluid from the GI tract
(vomiting/diarrhea)
• Loss thru sweating or through the kidney

49
Q
  • ______ moves rapidly across cell membranes
  • cell membrane is almost completely ______ to many solutes
A

water, impermeable

50
Q

______ concentration - used by clinicians to assess patients fluid status

A

Plasma Na+

51
Q

______ concentration - reasonable indicator of plasma osmolarity

A

Plasma Na+

52
Q

Normal Na+ concentration: ______

A

142 meqs/ liter

53
Q

______
- plasma Na+ concentration is below normal
- can result from loss of NaCl from the ECF or addition of excess water

A

Hyponatremia

54
Q

CAUSES of Hyponatremia:

A
  • diarrhea/ vomiting
  • overuse of diuretics
  • kidney diseases (excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone
  • Addison’s disease decrease secretion of hormone aldosterone)
55
Q

______
- plasma Na+ concentration is above normal
- due to loss of water from the ECF or excess sodium in the ECF

A

Hypernatremia

56
Q

CAUSES of Hypernatremia:

A

• diabetes insipidus ( lack of ADH)
• excessive sweating
• decreased water intake
• excessive secretion of aldosterone

57
Q

______
- Presence of excess fluid in the body tissues
Occurs mainly in the ECF (interstitial )
May also involve intracellular fluids

A

EDEMA

58
Q

______ EDEMA
______ swelling
• CAUSES
- depression of the metabolic systems of the tissues - lack of adequate nutrition to the cells
- decrease blood flow
- decrease 02 and nutrients
- depression of cell membrane ionic pumps excess Na+ ions inside the cells osmosis of water into the cells (______)
- inflammation
increase cell permeability → sodium and other ions diffuse into the interior of the cell → ______

A

INTRACELLULAR, Intracellular, CELL SWELLING, OSMOSIS

59
Q

______ EDEMA
• Excess fluid accumulation in the extracellular spaces
Two General Causes:
- Abnormal leakage of fluid from the plasma to the interstitial spaces across the capillaries
- Obstruction of the lymphatics
(infections of lymph nodes, cancer surgeries)
______ - most common clinical cause of interstitial fluid accumulation

A

EXTRACELLULAR, Excessive capillary filtration

60
Q

Major factors that increase capillary filtration:

A

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
Decreased plasma proteins
Increased capillary permeability
Blockage of Lymph Return

61
Q

Major factors that increase capillary filtration:

______
- excessive kidney retention of salt and water,
- high venous pressure and venous constriction
- decrease arteriolar resistance

A

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

62
Q

Major factors that increase capillary filtration:

______
- loss of proteins urine (______ syndrome)
- loss of proteins in the skin (burns, wounds)
- failure to produce proteins (liver diseases)

A

Decreased plasma proteins, Nephrotic

63
Q

Major factors that increase capillary filtration:

______
- infections, prolonged ischemia, burns

A

Increased capillary permeability

64
Q

Major factors that increase capillary filtration:

______
- Cancer
- Infections
- Surgery

A

Blockage of Lymph Return

65
Q

______
• Most serious cause and most common cause of edema

A

Edema secondary to Heart failure

66
Q

______
- Heart fails to pump blood normally from the veins to the arteries —– increase venous and capillary pressures —– increase capillary filtration —– edema

A

Edema secondary to Heart failure

67
Q

______
- second most common
* injury to the renal glomeruli / kidney diseases —- failure to filter adequate amounts of fluid — salt and water retention —- EDEMA

A

Edema caused by kidney retention of salt and water

68
Q

______
- a. failure to produce normal amounts of proteins ( liver diseases)
- b. leakage of proteins from the plasma/ kidneys
(infections, nephrotic syndrome)

  • results from decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure —- increased capillary filtration-edema ( protein concentration falls below 2.5 gms /di)
A

Edema caused by decreased plasma proteins

2A Physiology Midterms (8 decks)

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