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2A Physiology Midterms > THE CELL AND ITS FUNCTIONS and HOMEOSTASIS > Flashcards

THE CELL AND ITS FUNCTIONS and HOMEOSTASIS Flashcards

1
Q

This is the Basic living unit of the body

A

Cell

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2
Q

The entire body contains about ______ cells

A

100 trillion

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3
Q

BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CELL:

A
  • Need Oxygen
  • Innate chemical mechanisms to change nutrients into energy
  • Almost all cells have ability to reproduce cells of own kind
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4
Q

BASIC STRUCTURE OF THE CELL
TWO MAJOR PARTS:

A

Nucleus
Cytoplasm

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5
Q

The Nucleus is separated from cytoplasm by ______.

A

nuclear membrane

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6
Q

The Cytoplasm is separated from the surrounding fluids by ______ also called as the ______.

A

cell membrane, plasma membrane

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7
Q

MEMBRANOUS STRUCTURES OF THE CELL:

A
  • Cell Membrane
  • Nuclear Membrane
  • Membranes of Organelles:
    Endoplasmic Reticulum, Mitochondria, Lysosomes, Golgi Apparatus
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8
Q

This is A thin, elastic structure (7.5-10 nm thick) enveloping the cell.

A

CELL MEMBRANE

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9
Q

This is Also called plasma membrane.

A

CELL MEMBRANE

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10
Q

CELL MEMBRANE COMPONENTS:

55%: ______
25%: ______
13%: ______
4%: ______
3%: ______

A

proteins
phospholipids
cholesterol
other lipids
carbohydrates

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11
Q

This is a Thin, double-layered film of lipids, one molecule thick.

A

LIPID BILAYER

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12
Q

______
- Most abundant lipids; Composed of ______ (water-soluble) phosphate end and a ______ (fat-soluble) fatty acid end.

A

PHOSPHOLIPIDS, hydrophilic, hydrophobic

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13
Q

CELL MEMBRANE

______ PORTION
- ______ (fatty acid) tails attract each other, forming the membrane’s interior.

A

HYDROPHOBIC, Hydrophobic

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14
Q

CELL MEMBRANE

______ PORTION
- ______ (phosphate) heads interact with intracellular water on inside and extracellular water on outside.

A

HYDROPHILIC, Hydrophilic

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15
Q

PERMEABILITY OF LIPID LAYER IN MIDDLE OF MEMBRANE

Impermeable to ______ substances (e.g., ______, ______, ______).

A

water-soluble, ions, glucose, urea

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16
Q

PERMEABILITY OF LIPID LAYER IN MIDDLE OF MEMBRANE

Permeable to ______ substances (e.g., ______, ______, ______).

A

fat-soluble, oxygen, carbon dioxide, alcohol

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17
Q

CELL MEMBRANE

______ molecules are lipids in nature due to their fat-soluble steroid nuclei. They are dissolved in the bilayer of the membrane.

A

Cholesterol

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18
Q

CELL MEMBRANE

______ helps determine the permeability of the bilayer to water-soluble substances.

A

Cholesterol

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19
Q

CELL MEMBRANE

They Control much of the membrane’s fluidity.

A

Cholesterol

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20
Q

The Protein (Glycoprotein) Component of the Cell Membrane

TWO TYPES:

A

Integral Proteins
Peripheral Proteins

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21
Q

The Protein (Glycoprotein) Component of the Cell Membrane

TWO TYPES:

______ Proteins - Protrude all the way through the membrane.

A

Integral

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22
Q

The Protein (Glycoprotein) Component of the Cell Membrane

TWO TYPES:

______ Proteins - Attached to one surface of the membrane and do not penetrate all the way through

A

Peripheral

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23
Q

______ PROTEIN FUNCTION
- Allow water molecules and water-soluble substances (e.g., ions) to diffuse.

A

INTEGRAL

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24
Q

______ PROTEIN FUNCTION
- Transport substances across the membrane, including active transport against gradients.

A

INTEGRAL

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25
Q

______ PROTEIN FUNCTION
- Bind with water-soluble chemicals (e.g., peptide hormones) to relay signals to the cell interior.

A

INTEGRAL

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26
Q

______ PROTEIN FUNCTION
- Facilitate chemical reactions on the cell membrane.

A

INTEGRAL

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27
Q

______ PROTEIN FUNCTION
- Act as enzymes.

A

PERIPHERAL

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28
Q

______ PROTEIN FUNCTION
- Regulate transport through cell membrane pores.

A

PERIPHERAL

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29
Q

______
- The loose carbohydrate coat on the outside surface of the cell.

A

GLYCOCALYX

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30
Q

FUNCTION OF ______
- Negative charge repels negatively charged objects.

A

GLYCOCALYX

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31
Q

FUNCTION OF ______
- Cells to cell attachment

A

GLYCOCALYX

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32
Q

FUNCTION OF ______
- Receptors

A

GLYCOCALYX

33
Q

FUNCTION OF ______
- Immune Reactions

A

GLYCOCALYX

34
Q

FUNCTIONS OF GLYCOCALYX:

A
  • Negative charge repels negatively charged objects
  • cells to cells attachment
  • receptors
  • immune reactions
35
Q

This is a network of tubular structures (cisternae) and vesicles in the cytoplasm.

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

36
Q

This processes and transports molecules to cell destinations.

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

37
Q

This is up to 30-40 times the cell membrane area in some cells.

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

38
Q

Their walls are lipid bilayer membranes with large amount of proteins.

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

39
Q

______ space connects with the nuclear membrane space.

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

40
Q

______ directs substances to other cell parts and supports metabolic functions.

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

41
Q

______ attached to the outer surfaces of many parts of the ER. Where these particles are present, the reticulum is called the ______ (______) endoplasmic reticulum.

A

Ribosomes, rough, granular

42
Q

______ composed of RNA and proteins.

A

Ribosomes

43
Q

This lacks attached ribosomes (agranular ER).

A

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

44
Q

This Synthesizes lipid substances for other cellular processes promoted by intrareticular enzymes.

A

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

45
Q

This is Closely related to ER.

A

GOLGI APPARATUS

46
Q

Small transport vesicles (also called endoplasmic reticulum vesicles (ER vesicles)) continually pinch off from the ER and shortly thereafter fuse with the _______

A

Golgi apparatus

47
Q

Substances entrapped in ER vesicles are transported from the ER to the ______

A

Golgi apparatus

48
Q

Substances entrapped in ER vesicles are transported from the ER to the ______

A

Golgi apparatus

49
Q

Transported substances are processed in ______ to form lysosomes, secretory vesicles, and other cytoplasmic components

A

Golgi

50
Q

These are Vesicular organelles that form by breaking off from the Golgi apparatus; they then disperse throughout the cytoplasm.

A

LYSOSOMES

51
Q

LYSOSOMES Provide an intracellular digestive system that allows cell to digest:

A

(1) damaged cellular structures
(2) food particles that have been ingested by the cell
(3) unwanted matter such as bacteria.

52
Q

One of their important functions: secretion of special chemical substances.

A

SECRETORY VESICLES

53
Q

These are Formed by the ER-Golgi apparatus system

A

SECRETORY VESICLES

54
Q

SECRETORY VESICLES are Released from the Golgi apparatus into the cytoplasm as ______.

A

storage vesicles

55
Q

These are the Powerhouses of the cell

A

MITOCHONDRIA

56
Q

These are Present in all areas of each cell’s cytoplasm, total number per cell varies from < 100 up to several thousand, depending on the energy requirements of the cell.

A

MITOCHONDRIA

57
Q

This is the Control center of cell

A

NUCLEUS

58
Q

This Sends messages to cell to grow and mature, replicate, or die.

A

NUCLEUS

59
Q

This Contains large quantities of DNA

A

NUCLEUS

60
Q

This is also called nuclear envelope

A

NUCLEAR MEMBRANE

61
Q

This is Two separate bilayer membranes
Outer membrane continuous with ER, cytoplasm

A

NUCLEAR MEMBRANE

62
Q

Space between 2 nuclear membranes is continuous with the space inside the ______

A

ER

63
Q

This is the Maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal environment.

A

HOMEOSTASIS

64
Q

______ - a state of disrupted homeostasis

A

Disease

65
Q

______ MECHANISMS
- Continue to operate and maintain vital functions through multiple compensations

A

HOMEOSTATIC

66
Q

BP can damage various organs, including the kidneys, causing even greater increases in ______ and more ______.

A

blood pressure, renal damage

67
Q

HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISMS

Represent trade-offs that are necessary to maintain vital body functions but, in the long term,
contribute to additional ______ of body function.

A

abnormalities

68
Q

Most control systems of the body act by ______.

A

negative feedback

69
Q

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

REGULATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION
a.) High concentration of CO2 in the extracellular fluid increases ______
b.) This, in turn, ______ extracellular fluid CO2 concentration.
c.) High concentration of CO2 initiates events that decrease the concentration toward normal, which is ______ to the initiating stimulus.
d.) Conversely, a CO2 concentration that falls too low results in feedback to increase the concentration. This response is also ______ to the initiating stimulus

A

pulmonary ventilation, decreases, negative, negative

70
Q

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

ARTERIAL PRESSURE-REGULATING MECHANISMS
- High pressure causes reactions that ______ pressure
- Low pressure causes reactions that ______ pressure
- These effects are ______ with respect to the initiating stimulus.
- If a factor becomes excessive or deficient, a control system initiates ______, consisting of changes that return the factor toward a mean value, maintaining ______.

A

reduce, increase, negative, negative feedback, homeostasis

71
Q

POSITIVE FEEDBACK

“______ Cycles,” initiating stimulus causes more of the same

A

Vicious

72
Q

Body sometimes uses ______ feedback to its advantage

A

positive

73
Q

POSITIVE FEEDBACK

Example no. 1: ______
- Activation: When a blood vessel ruptures, multiple enzymes called clotting factors are activated within the clot.
- Chain Reaction: These enzymes activate adjacent inactive enzymes, leading to more clotting.
- Completion: The process continues until the vessel hole is plugged and bleeding stops.

A

BLOOD CLOTTING

74
Q

POSITIVE FEEDBACK

Example no.2: ______
- Stretching of the cervix sends signals to the uterus, causing stronger contractions

A

CHILDBIRTH

75
Q

POSITIVE FEEDBACK

GENERATION OF NERVE SIGNALS
- Stimulation of nerve fiber causes slight ______ leakage through channels.
- ______ entry changes membrane potential, opening more channels, potential, more change of potential, still more opening of channels, and so forth.
- Slight leak becomes an explosion of sodium entering the interior of the nerve fiber, which creates the ______.
- ______ causes electrical current to flow along the outside and inside of the fiber, initiating additional action potentials until the signal reaches the end of the fiber

A

sodium, Sodium ions, nerve action potential, Action potential

76
Q

Body is made up of cells organized into different functional structures (______) which contribute its share to the maintenance of homeostasis in the ______ (internal environment)

A

organs, extracellular fluid

77
Q

When normal conditions are maintained in the ______ environment, the cells of the body continue to live and function properly

A

internal

78
Q

______ are ways of the body to help regulate biochemical pathways to maintain the normal functioning of the different organs

A

Feedback mechanisms

2A Physiology Midterms (8 decks)

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