transport in plants (ch9)

Question 1

vascular (conductive) tissues

Answer 1

take food/water from one part of a plant to another

Question 2

advantages of vascular tissues?

Answer 2

they allow rapid growth and food storage.

Question 3

dermal tissue

Answer 3

composes outermost layer of plant, prevents damage and water loss.

Question 4

what cells is the dermal tissue made out of?

Answer 4

parenchyma cells

Question 5

ground tissue

Answer 5

most abundant tissue, carries out important functions of the plant (eg: photosynthesis)

Question 6

primary growth (herbaceous plants)

Answer 6

develop tissues, and then stop growth. will typically die after one growing season.

Question 7

secondary growth (dicatyledon plants)

Answer 7

will continue to develop additional tissues, which enables plant to grow taller and wider.

Question 8

3 organs of plant:

Answer 8

root, stem, leaf

Question 9

what is the aim of plant organs?

Answer 9

they work together to provide the plant with sufficient water.

Question 10

3 functions of root:

Answer 10

-absorbs nutrients & water.
-anchors plant to ground.
-stores leftover food.

Question 11

3 functions of stem:

Answer 11

-xylem, transports water & minerals from roots to leaves.
-phloem, transports sugars from leaves to rest of plant.
-plant support.

Question 12

2 functions of leaf:

Answer 12

-undergoes gaseous exchange with atmosphere.
-absorbs sunlight to manufacture food, through photosynthesis process.

Question 13

epidermis

Answer 13

waxy outer layer of plant (found on stem & leaf) that prevents water loss.

Question 14

trichomes

Answer 14

hair like structures on leaves that prevent insects from damaging plant by secreting toxic/sticky fluids.

Question 15

function of root hair cells?

Answer 15

maximise the surface area of roots for absorption of water.

Question 16

function of xylem?

Answer 16

transports water & minerals from roots to leaves.

Question 17

evapotranspiration

Answer 17

the evaporation of water from leavesh

Question 18

how does evapotranspiration help water transport in plant?

Answer 18

it creates a negative pressure in the xylem, so that water travels up, conflicting gravitational forces.

Question 19

collenchyma cells

Answer 19

-elongated, thich walled cells that support plant.
-found in herbaceous plants.

Question 20

lignin

Answer 20

strong polysaccharide which increases rigidity and decreases flexibility of plant cell walls.

Question 21

sclerenchyma

Answer 21

-provide structural support to dicotylendoneous plants.
-made up of bundles of long, dead cells.
-hollow lumen.
-cells walls are thickened with lignin (support).

Question 22

stomata

Answer 22

pores in surface of leaf/stem (epidermis tissue) that can be opened/closed by guard cells.

Question 23

function of phloem?

Answer 23

transports sugars from leaves to rest of plant.

Question 24

feature of phloem?

Answer 24

composed of stacked tube cells with perforated plates (sieve pores) at each end.

Question 25

photosynthesis word equation?

Answer 25

carbon dioxide + water -> oxygen + glucose

Question 26

photosynthesis symbol equation?

Answer 26

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Question 27

perennial plants

Answer 27

plants with a lengthy life cycle that continuously reproduce

Question 28

vascular plants

Answer 28

plants that have specialised tranposrt systems

Question 29

transpiration system

Answer 29

-the movement of water molecules and dissolved mineral ions.
-involves xylem vessels.
-passive process.

Question 30

translocation system

Answer 30

-the movement of sugars (sucrose) and amino acids.
-involves phloem vessels (sieve and companion cells).
-active (energy using) process.

Question 31

assimilates

Answer 31

products of photosynthesis

Question 32

lignification

Answer 32

deposition of lignin in cell walls, provides strength and water proofing

Question 33

bordered pits

Answer 33

gaps in cell walls that occur when lignification is incomplete.
pits in adjacent vessels are aligned so water can flow between them.

Question 34

cohesion

Answer 34

the bonding of water molecules through hydrogen bonds.

Question 35

adhesion

Answer 35

weak bonds between water molecules and walls of xylem vessel.

Question 36

sieve tube elements

Answer 36

-cells lines up to form sieve tubes.
-no nucleus & little cytoplasm (lots of space for mass flow of sap (sucrose) to move along phloem).
-perforations (sieve plates) at ends allow sap to move from one element to another.

Question 37

companion cells

Answer 37

-found in between sieve tubes.
-large nucleus & dense cytoplasm containing lots of mitochondria.
-acts as a site of aerobic respiration, produces ATP used for active processes of plant.

Question 38

sources

Answer 38

anywhere assimilates are loaded into plant

Question 39

sinks

Answer 39

structures that are in need of assimilates.

Question 40

plasmodesmata

Answer 40

thin strands of cytoplasm that connects companion cells to sieve tube elements, and allows flow of assimilates between the cells.

Question 41

root cortex

Answer 41

series of plant cells that extend inwards from epidermis (outer layer of plant)

Question 42

symplastic pathway

Answer 42

water travels through cytoplasm of plant cells

Question 43

apoplastic pathway

Answer 43

water travels freely through cell walls, without passing through plasma membrane

Question 44

vascular pathway

Answer 44

water travels through vacuoles

Question 45

medulla

Answer 45

central part of stem containing xylem

Question 46

endodermis

Answer 46

cylinder of living cells that form final boundary between root cortex and medulla.

Question 47

transpiration

Answer 47

loss of water vapour from a plant through leaves.

Question 48

transpiration pull

Answer 48

water vapour that is lost must be constantly replaced by water in the xylem

Question 49

tension

Answer 49

transmitted pulling force