cell ultrastructure (2.1.1g)

Question 2

cellulose cell wall

Answer 2

acts as a defence mechanism, protects the cell from invading pathogens, for example.

Question 3

centrioles

Answer 3

component of the cytoskeleton, composed of microtubules and will organise these into spindles.

Question 4

chloroplasts

Answer 4

organelles that are responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells.

Question 5

cilia

Answer 5

small, hair-like structures present on the surface of all mammalian cells.

Question 6

cytoplasm

Answer 6

internal fluid of cells, contains cytosol, organelles & cytoskeleton.

Question 7

cytoskeleton

Answer 7

a network of fibres within the cytoplasm of an eukaryotic cell.

Question 8

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Answer 8

network of membranes -

rough: studded with ribosomes, where ribosomes are synthesised and transported.

smooth: storage; synthesis of lipids and carbohydrates.

Question 9

eukaryotic

Answer 9

multicellular organisms (eg: animals, plants, fungi, etc).

Question 10

extracellular matrix

Answer 10

material in between cells to hold tissues together - made of callogen (scaffolding protein).

Question 11

flagella

Answer 11

a long, thin structure that allows a cell to move.

Question 12

golgi apparatus

Answer 12

modifies, packages and directs proteins into vesicles, made from network of cisternae.

Question 13

lysosomes

Answer 13

vesicles that allow breakdown of waste materials - contain HYDROLYTIC (digestive) ENZYMES.

Question 14

microfilaments

Answer 14

responisible for the cell’s movement and changes in shape (eg: muscle contraction).
made from repeating ACTIN substances.

Question 15

microtubules

Answer 15

proteins - maintain internal structure, move organelles and cytoplasm.

Question 16

mitochondria

Answer 16

supply chemical energy to cell, site of aerobic respiration.

Question 17

nuclear envelope

Answer 17

double membrane to seperate contents of nucleus from cytoplasm.

Question 18

nuclear pores

Answer 18

gaps in nuclear envelope that allow substances to move in/out of nucleus.

Question 19

nucleolus

Answer 19

produces ribosomes, found inside nucleus.

Question 20

nucleus

Answer 20

holds DNA of cell, and controls cell’s activities.

Question 21

organelle

Answer 21

found inside eukaryotic cells; membrane bound compartments that hold varying functions.

Question 22

plasma membrane

Answer 22

enables cell to communicate and detect/respond to changes in surrounding environment.
PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER containing cholesterol and proteins.

Question 23

ribosomes

Answer 23

site of protein synthesis, built from RNA and protein.

Question 24

vacuole

Answer 24

stores water and solutes, as well as maintaining the cell’s turgidity.