transport in animals

Question 1

why do multicellular organisms need transport systems?

Answer 1

they are relatively big, low surface area to volume ratio, higher metabolic rate, very active meaning a large number of cells are respiring very quickly so they need a constant, rapid supply of glucose and oxygen

Question 2

which circulatory system do fish have?

Answer 2

closed single circulatory system

Question 3

which circulatory system do mammals have?

Answer 3

closed double circulatory system

Question 4

what is an advantage of the double circulatory system?

Answer 4

heart can give the blood an extra push between the lungs and the rest of the body, blood travels faster and oxygen is delivered to the tissues more quickly

Question 5

which circulatory system do some invertebrate’s (insects) have?

Answer 5

open circulatory system

Question 6

what do arteries do?

Answer 6

carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body

Question 7

what are 4 things that make up the arteries?

Answer 7

elastic tissue wall
thick muscle layer
lumen space
folded epithelium

Question 8

what is the structure of capillaries?

Answer 8

one cell thick

Question 9

what do the veins do?

Answer 9

take blood back to the heart under low pressure.

Question 10

what is the structure of veins?

Answer 10

large lumen, endothelium and thin muscle wall

Question 11

what type of blood do veins carry

Answer 11

deoxygenated blood as 02 has been used up by body cells

Question 12

what type of blood do pulmonary veins carry

Answer 12

oxygenated

Question 13

what type of blood do pulmonary arteries carry?

Answer 13

deoxygenated blood

Question 14

what type of blood do other arteries carry?

Answer 14

oxygenated blood

Question 15

what are six things the blood has?

Answer 15

RBC
WBC
PLATELETES
PROTEINS
WATER
DISSOLVED SOLUTES

Question 16

what are 4 things the tissue fluid has?

Answer 16

very few wbc (for infection
very few proteins
water
dissolved solutes

Question 17

what are 4 things the lymph has?

Answer 17

wbc
antibodies (proteins)
water
dissolved solutes

Question 18

what does the right side of the heart do?

Answer 18

pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Question 19

what does the left side of the heart do?

Answer 19

pump oxygenated blood to the rest of the body

Question 20

formula for cardiac output (calc for volume of blood pumped by heart cm3min-1)

Answer 20

heart rate x stroke volume

Question 21

define tachycardia

Answer 21

when the heartbeat is too fast, heart isn’t pumping blood efficiently, 120bpm higher

Question 22

define brachycardia

Answer 22

too slow, below 60 bpm

Question 23

define ectopic heartbeat

Answer 23

extra heartbeat, caused by an earlier contraction of the atria, can also be cause by early contraction of the ventricles

Question 24

define fibrillation

Answer 24

a really irregular heartbeat

atria or ventricles completely lose their rhythm and stop contracting properly

Question 25

how is oxyhaemoglobin formed

Answer 25

when oxygen joins to the iron in haemoglobin

Question 26

whats the equation for oxyhaemoglobin

Answer 26

Hb + 4O2 = HbO8

Question 27

affinity definition

Answer 27

tendency to combine with oxygen

Question 28

what is the partial pressure of oxygen?

Answer 28

measure of oxygen concentration

Question 29

what happens when there is a high partial pressure of oxygen?

Answer 29

oxygen loads onto haemoglobin to from oxyhaemoglobin

Question 30

what happens when there is a low partial pressure of oxygen?

Answer 30

oxyhaemoglobin unloads its oxygen

Question 31

why does fetal haemoglobin have a higher affinity for oxygen rather than the adult haemoglobin?

Answer 31

fetus gets oxygen from its mothers blood across placenta

by the time mothers blood reaches placenta, its O2 saturation has decreased

for fetus to get enough oxygen to survive, it needs to have a higher affinity for O2

Question 32

describe the Bohr effect

Answer 32

when carbon dioxide levels increase, the dissociation curve shifts right, showing more oxygen is released from blood

Question 33

how does CO2 affect oxygen unloading?

Answer 33

in RBC, carbon dioxide reacts with water to produce carbonic acid catalysed by the enzyme, carbonic anhydrous

carbonic acid dissociates to give hydrogen ions and hydrogenation ions

the increase in hydrogen ions causes oxyhaemoglobin to unload its oxygen so haemoglobin can take up hydrogen ions,

this forms haemoglobinic acid (the process also stops increasing acidity of cells)

hydrogen carbonate ions diffuse out of RBC and transported to blood plasma.

to compensate the loss of HCO3- ions, CL- ions diffuse into RBC, this is called the chloride shift maintaining balance if charge between RBC and the plasma

when the blood reaches lungs, the low partial pressure of carbon dioxide causes some HCO3- and H+ ions to recombine into CO2 and water

the CO2 then diffuses into the alveoli and is breathed out