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ocr a level biology > MODULE 6 > Flashcards

MODULE 6 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

transcription factors

A

proteins that bind to DNA and switch genes on and off by increasing or decreasing the rate of transcription

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2
Q

body plan

A

is the general structure of an organism arranged in a particular way

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3
Q

apoptosis

A

when some cells die and break down as a normal part of development

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4
Q

continuous variation

A

where the individuals in a population vary within the range and there are no distinct categories

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5
Q

discontinuous variation

A

when there are two or more distinct categories so no intermediates

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6
Q

gene

A

a sequence of bases on a DNA molecule that codes for a protein which results in a characteristic

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7
Q

allele

A

a different version of a gene

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8
Q

genotype

A

the alleles an organism has

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9
Q

phenotype

A

the characteristics the alleles produce

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10
Q

dominant

A

an allele whose characteristic appears in the phenotype even when there is only one copy

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11
Q

recessive

A

an allele whose characteristic only appears in the phenotype if 2 copies are present

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12
Q

codominant

A

alleles that are expressed in the phenotype, neither one is recessive

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13
Q

locus

A

the fixed position of a gene on a chromosome

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14
Q

homozygote

A

an organism that carries 2 copies of the same allele

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15
Q

heterozygote

A

an organism that carries 2 different alleles

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16
Q

carrier

A

a person carrying an allele which is not expressed in the phenotype but that can be passed on to the offspring

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17
Q

epistasis

A

when the allele of one gene masks the expression of the alleles of other genes

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18
Q

evolution

A

the change in allele frequency

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19
Q

allele frequency

A

how often an allele occurs in a population

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20
Q

stabilising selection

A

individuals with alleles for characteristics towards the middle of the range are more likely to survive and reproduce

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21
Q

directional selection

A

individuals with alleles for characteristics of an extreme type are more likely to survive and reproduce

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22
Q

genetic drift

A

chance dictates which alleles are passed on

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23
Q

genetic bottleneck

A

an event that causes a big reduction in a populations size, leading to a reduction in the gene pool

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24
Q

artificial selection

A

when humans select individuals in a population to breed together to get desirable results

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25
Q

speciation

A

development of new species

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26
Q

species

A

a group of similar organism that can reproduce to give fertile offspring

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27
Q

geographical isolation

A

when a physical barrier divides a population of a species

28
Q

genome

A

all the genetic material in an organism

29
Q

genetic engineering

A

manipulation of an organisms DNA

30
Q

recombinant DNA

A

DNA formed by joining together DNA from different sources

31
Q

transgenic organism

A

an organism that has been genetically engineered to include a gene from a different species

32
Q

somatic therapy

A

involves altering body cells, particularly cells that are most affected by the disorder

33
Q

germ line therapy

A

involves altering the alleles in the sex cells

34
Q

vegetative progpagation

A

the production of plant clones from non reproductive tissues

35
Q

biotechnology

A

the industrial use of living organisms to produce food, drugs and other products

36
Q

batch fermentation

A

where microorganisms are grown in individual batches in a fermentation vessel. when one culture ends, its removed and then a different batch of microorganisms is grown in the vessel. closed culture

37
Q

continuous fermentation

A

where microorganisms are continually grown in a fermentation vessel without stopping. nutrients are put in and waste products out at a constant rate.

38
Q

closed culture

A

when growth takes place in a vessel that is isolated from the external environment

39
Q

habitat

A

the place where an organism lives

40
Q

population

A

all the organisms of one species in a habitat

41
Q

producer

A

an organism that produces organic molecules using sunlight energy

42
Q

consumer

A

an organism that eats other organism

43
Q

decomposer

A

an organism that breaks down dead or undigested organic material

44
Q

trophic level

A

a stage in a food chain occupied by a particular group of organisms

45
Q

ecosystem

A

all organisms living in a certain area and all the non living conditions

46
Q

biotic factors

A

the living features of an ecosystem (predators/food)

47
Q

abiotic factors

A

non living features of an ecosystem (temp/ph of water/ soil nutrient availability)

48
Q

gross productivity

A

available energy that is taken in

49
Q

respiratory loss

A

energy lost to the environment when organisms use energy produced from respiration for movement or body heat

50
Q

net productivity

A

is the amount of energy that is available to the next trophic level

51
Q

succession

A

process by which an ecosystem changes over time

52
Q

primary succession

A

happens on land that has been newly formed or exposed as there is no soil or organic material to start with.

53
Q

secondary succession

A

happens on land that has been cleared of all plants, but where soil remains

53
Q

abundance

A

the number of individuals of one species in a particular area

53
Q

distribution

A

where a particular species is within the area you are investigation

54
Q

frame quadrat

A

is a square frame divided into a grid of 100 smaller squares by strings attached across the frame

55
Q

point quadrat

A

is a horizontal bar on 2 legs with a series of holes at set intervals along its length

56
Q

line transects

A

a tape measure is paced along the transect and the species that touch the tape measure are recorded

57
Q

belt transects

A

data is collected along the transect using frame quadrats placed next to each other

58
Q

population size

A

total number of organisms of one species in a habitat

59
Q

interspecifc competition

A

when organisms of different species compete with each other for the same resources

60
Q

intraspecific competition

A

when organisms of the same species compete with each other for the same resources

61
Q

conservation

A

the protection and management of ecosystems so that the natural resources in them can be used without them running out

62
Q

reclamation

A

restoring ecosystems that have been damaged or destroyed so they can be used again

63
Q

preservation

A

protection of ecosystems so they are kept exactly as they are

ocr a level biology (17 decks)

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