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ocr a level biology > MODULE 4 > Flashcards

MODULE 4 Flashcards

1
Q

disease

A

a condition that impairs the normal functioning of an organism

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2
Q

pathogen

A

an organism that causes diseases

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3
Q

communicable disease

A

a disease that can spread between organisms

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4
Q

direct transmission

A

when a disease is transmitted directly from one organism to another

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5
Q

indirect transmission

A

when a disease is transmitted from one organism to another via an intermediate

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6
Q

t helper cells

A

release substances to activate B lymphocytes and t killer cells

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7
Q

t killer cells

A

attach to and kill cells that are infected with a virus

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8
Q

t regulatory cells

A

these suppress the immune response from other white blood cells

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9
Q

active natural immunity

A

when you become immune after catching a disease

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10
Q

active artificial immunity

A

when you become immune after you’ve been given a vaccination containing a harmless dose of antigen

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11
Q

passive natural immunity

A

when a baby becomes immune due to the antibodies it receives from the mother through placenta and in breast milk

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12
Q

passive artificial immunity

A

when you become immune after being injected with antibodies from someone else

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13
Q

autoimmune disease

A

when an organisms immune system is not able to recognise self antigens, chronic disease

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14
Q

antibiotic

A

chemicals that kill of inhibit the growth of bacteria

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15
Q

personalised medicines

A

medicine that are tailored to an individuals DNA

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16
Q

synthetic biology

A

involves using technology to design and make things like artificial proteins, cells and microorganisms

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17
Q

biodiversity

A

the variety of living organisms in an area

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18
Q

habitat diversity

A

the number of different habitats in an area

19
Q

species diversity

A

the number of different species and the abundance of each species in an area

20
Q

genetic diversity

A

the variation of alleles within a species

21
Q

systematic sampling

A

when samples are taken at fixed intervals along a line

22
Q

opportunistic sampling

A

when samples are chosen by the investigator, simple to carry out so biased

23
Q

stratified sampling

A

when different areas in a habitat are identified and sampled separately in proportion to their part of the habitat as a whole.

23
Q

species evenness

A

a measure of the relative abundance of each species in an area

24
Q

species richness

A

the number of different species in an area

25
Q

polymorphism

A

a locus that has 2 or more alleles

26
Q

in situ conservation

A

it involves protecting species in their natural habitat

27
Q

ex situ conservation

A

involves protecting a species by removing part of the population from threatened habitat and placing it in a new location

28
Q

Rio convention on biological diversity

A

aims to develop international strategies on the conservation of biodiversity and how to use animal and plant resources in a sustainable way

29
Q

CITIES agreement

A

is an agreement designed to increase international cooperation in regulating trade in wild animal and plant specimens

30
Q

The countryside stewardship scheme

A

aims to conserve wildlife and biodiversity, and to improve and extend wild life habitats by promoting specific management techniques to landowners

31
Q

classification

A

the act of arranging organisms into groups based on their similarities and differences.

easier for scientists to identify and study them

32
Q

taxonomy

A

the study of classification

33
Q

phylogeny

A

the study of evolutionary history of groups of organisms

tells us who is related to whom and how closely they are related

34
Q

molecular evidence

A

the similarities in DNA and proteins

35
Q

embryological evidence

A

the similarities in the early stages of an organisms development

36
Q

anatomical evidence

A

the similarities in structure and function of different body parts

37
Q

behavioural evidence

A

the similarities in behaviour and social organisation of organisms

38
Q

behavioural adaptations

A

way an organism acts that increase its chances of survival

39
Q

physiological adaptations

A

processes inside an organisms body that increase its chances of survival

40
Q

anatomical adaptations

A

structural features of an organisms body that increase its chances of survival

41
Q

marsupial mammals

A

kangaroos

have a short gestation period
dont develop full placenta
are born early in their development are climb into their mothers pouch

42
Q

placental mammals

A

have a longer gestation period
develop a placenta during pregnancy which allows the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the fetus and the mother

ocr a level biology (17 decks)

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