M5 excretion

Question 1

what is excretion?

Answer 1

the removal of waste products of metabolism from the body

e.g. CO2 is a waste product of respiration, too much in blood is toxic so is removed by lungs

Question 2

what is the process of excess amino acids being broken down by the liver

Answer 2

deamination and ornithine cycle

Question 3

what is detoxification and what are 2 examples?

Answer 3

when the liver breaks down harmful substances into less harmful components that can be excreted from the body

alcohol (ethanol) and insulin

Question 4

what does the hepatic artery do?

Answer 4

supplies the liver with oxygenated blood from the heart

Question 5

what does the hepatic vein do?

Answer 5

takes deoxygenate blood away from the liver

Question 6

what does the hepatic portal vein do?

Answer 6

brings blood from the duodenum and ileum so its rich in products of digestion

Question 7

what does the bile duct do?

Answer 7

takes bile to the gall bladder to be stored

Question 8

what do Kupffer cells do?

Answer 8

remove bacteria and break down old red blood cells

Question 9

what are hepatocytes?

Answer 9

cylindrical structures made of cells that break down harmful substances into less harmful substances that can re enter the blood

Question 10

what are sinusoids?

Answer 10

capillaries that connect hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein to the central vein.

Question 11

under a light microscope, what are the white spaces?

Answer 11

sinusoids

Question 12

under a light microscope, what is the large white circular shape?

Answer 12

central vein

Question 13

under a light microscope, what are the cells that radiate out of central vein?

Answer 13

hepatocytes and the red dots are nuclei

Question 14

what can kidney failure be detected by?

Answer 14

measuring the glomerular filtration rate, the rate at which blood is filtered from the glomerulus into the bowman’s capsule

Question 15

how can kidney infections cause kidney failure?

Answer 15

it cause inflammation of kidneys, which can damage parts of cell. this interferes with filtering in the bowman’s capsule. or with reabsorption in other parts of the nephrons

Question 16

how can high blood pressure cause kidney failure?

Answer 16

damages the glomeruli, the blood in the glomeruli is already under high pressure and the capillaries can be damaged if the blood pressure gets too high meaning larger molecules like proteins can get through the capillary walls and into the urine

Question 17

what can long term kidney failure cause?

Answer 17

anaemia - lack of haemoglobin in the blood

swelling - fluid accumulates in tissues

vomiting - too much urea in blood

weight loss - too much urea in blood

Question 18

what is haemodialysis?

Answer 18

when a patients blood is passed through a dialysis machine. the blood flows on one side of a partially permeable membrane and dialysis fluid on the other side

Question 19

what are 2 disadvantages of haemodialysis?

Answer 19

long sessions, 3/5 hours

usually in hospital

patients can feel increasingly unwell in between sessions

Question 20

what is peritoneal dialysis?

Answer 20

dialysis fluid is put through a tube that passes from the outside of a patients abdomen into their abdominal cavity. waste products diffuse out of the patients blood into dialysis fluid across the peritoneum. after some time the fluid is drained out via the tube

Question 21

what are 2 disadvantages of peritoneal dialysis?

Answer 21

risk of infection

no dialysis free days

several times a day or overnight

at comfort of your own home

Question 22

what is a kidney tranplant?

Answer 22

where a new kidney is implanted into a patients body to replace a damaged kidney

Question 23

what are 3 disadvantages of kidney transplant?

Answer 23

risky

immune system might reject , so drugs need to taken to supress this

person with same blood and tissue type hard to find

not always get an organ donor, long wait

Question 24

what is the hormone that is found in the urine of pregnant women?

Answer 24

hCG

human chorionic gonadotropin

Question 25

how can urine be tested for steroids?

Answer 25

by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry