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ocr a level biology > M5 animal responses > Flashcards

M5 animal responses Flashcards

1
Q

what is the central nervous system made up from?

A

the brain and the spinal cord

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2
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system made up from?

A

neurones that connect the CNS to the rest of the body

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3
Q

what are the 2 functional systems of the PNS?

A

somatic nervous system

autonomic nervous system

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4
Q

what does the somatic nervous system control?

A

controls conscious activities like running

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5
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system control?

A

unconscious activities like digestion

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6
Q

what are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

parasympathetic nervous system and the sympathetic nervous system

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7
Q

what is the sympathetic nervous system responsible for?

A

its the flight or fight system, released noradrenaline

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8
Q

what is the parasympathetic nervous system responsible for?

A

calms the body down

rest or digest system

releases acetylcholine

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9
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

automatically maintains the body temperature

produces hormones that control the pituitary gland

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9
Q

what is the function of the pituitary gland?

A

controlled by hypothalamus and releases hormones and stimulates other glands such as the adrenal gland to release their hormones

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9
Q

what is the function of the medulla oblongata?

A

controls breathing and heart rate

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9
Q

what is the function of the cerebrum?

A

allows you to think, see, learn and hear

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9
Q

what is the function of cerebellum?

A

coordinates muscles, balance ad posture

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9
Q

what is a reflex?

A

is where the body responds to a stimulus without making a conscious decision to respond

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9
Q

what is the flight or fight response?

A

nerve impulses from sensory neurone arrive at hypothalamus activating both hormonal and sympathetic nervous system

pituitary gland is stimulated to release a hormone called ACTH. This causes the cortex of the adrenal gland to release steroidal hormones.

the sympathetic nervous system is activated, triggering the release of adrenaline from the medulla region of the adrenal gland

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10
Q

what is the consequence of the fight or flight response?

A

heart rate is increased

muscles around bronchioles relax-breathing is deeper

glycogen to glucose - more glucose available for muscles to respire

10
Q

why is student t test used?

A

to find out whether there is a significant difference in the means of the two data sets

11
Q

what are thick myofilaments made of?

A

the protein myosin

12
Q

what are thin myofilaments made of?

A

the protein actin

12
Q

what is dark band?

A

contain thick myosin filaments and some overlapping thin actin filaments - these are called A bands

12
Q

what is light band?

A

contain thin actin filaments only and are called I bands

12
Q
A
13
Q

what is the M line?

A

middle of the myosin filament

13
Q

what is the H zone?

A

its around the M line and only contains myosin filaments

14
Q

what is the sliding filament theory?

A

when myosin and actin filaments slide over each other to make the sarcomeres contract - the myofilaments themselves dont contract

15
Q

what 2 proteins are found between actin filaments?

A

tropomyosin and troponin

16
Q

how is ATP continually generated by aerobic respiration?

A

via oxidative phosphorylation

17
Q

how is ATP continually generated by anaerobic respiration?

A

ATP is rapidly made by glycolysis , end product is pyruvate which is converted to lactate by lactate fermentation, this can build up in the muscles and cause muscle fatigue

18
Q

how is ATP continually generated by ATP- creatine phosphate system?

A

ATP is made by phosphorylating ADP adding a phosphate group taken from creatine phosphate.

cp is stored inside cells and the system generates ATP very quickly

its anaerobic and alactic

19
Q

what is a neuromuscular junction?

A

synapse between neurones and muscles

20
Q

what receptors does acetylcholine bind to at a neuromuscular junction?

A

nicotinic cholinergic receptor

21
Q

which muscle is a voluntary muscle, has many muscle fibres and many nuclei?

A

skeletal muscle

22
Q

which muscle is involuntary, does have striped appearance, one nucleus?

A

smooth muscle

23
Q

which muscle is myogenic, one nucleus, has intercalated discs?

A

cardiac muscle

24
Q
A

ocr a level biology (17 decks)

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