M5 animal responses Flashcards
what is the central nervous system made up from?
the brain and the spinal cord
what is the peripheral nervous system made up from?
neurones that connect the CNS to the rest of the body
what are the 2 functional systems of the PNS?
somatic nervous system
autonomic nervous system
what does the somatic nervous system control?
controls conscious activities like running
what does the autonomic nervous system control?
unconscious activities like digestion
what are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
parasympathetic nervous system and the sympathetic nervous system
what is the sympathetic nervous system responsible for?
its the flight or fight system, released noradrenaline
what is the parasympathetic nervous system responsible for?
calms the body down
rest or digest system
releases acetylcholine
what is the function of the hypothalamus?
automatically maintains the body temperature
produces hormones that control the pituitary gland
what is the function of the pituitary gland?
controlled by hypothalamus and releases hormones and stimulates other glands such as the adrenal gland to release their hormones
what is the function of the medulla oblongata?
controls breathing and heart rate
what is the function of the cerebrum?
allows you to think, see, learn and hear
what is the function of cerebellum?
coordinates muscles, balance ad posture
what is a reflex?
is where the body responds to a stimulus without making a conscious decision to respond
what is the flight or fight response?
nerve impulses from sensory neurone arrive at hypothalamus activating both hormonal and sympathetic nervous system
pituitary gland is stimulated to release a hormone called ACTH. This causes the cortex of the adrenal gland to release steroidal hormones.
the sympathetic nervous system is activated, triggering the release of adrenaline from the medulla region of the adrenal gland
what is the consequence of the fight or flight response?
heart rate is increased
muscles around bronchioles relax-breathing is deeper
glycogen to glucose - more glucose available for muscles to respire
why is student t test used?
to find out whether there is a significant difference in the means of the two data sets
what are thick myofilaments made of?
the protein myosin
what are thin myofilaments made of?
the protein actin
what is dark band?
contain thick myosin filaments and some overlapping thin actin filaments - these are called A bands
what is light band?
contain thin actin filaments only and are called I bands
what is the M line?
middle of the myosin filament
what is the H zone?
its around the M line and only contains myosin filaments
what is the sliding filament theory?
when myosin and actin filaments slide over each other to make the sarcomeres contract - the myofilaments themselves dont contract
what 2 proteins are found between actin filaments?
tropomyosin and troponin
how is ATP continually generated by aerobic respiration?
via oxidative phosphorylation
how is ATP continually generated by anaerobic respiration?
ATP is rapidly made by glycolysis , end product is pyruvate which is converted to lactate by lactate fermentation, this can build up in the muscles and cause muscle fatigue
how is ATP continually generated by ATP- creatine phosphate system?
ATP is made by phosphorylating ADP adding a phosphate group taken from creatine phosphate.
cp is stored inside cells and the system generates ATP very quickly
its anaerobic and alactic
what is a neuromuscular junction?
synapse between neurones and muscles
what receptors does acetylcholine bind to at a neuromuscular junction?
nicotinic cholinergic receptor
which muscle is a voluntary muscle, has many muscle fibres and many nuclei?
skeletal muscle
which muscle is involuntary, does have striped appearance, one nucleus?
smooth muscle
which muscle is myogenic, one nucleus, has intercalated discs?
cardiac muscle
