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Biology Hope > Transport in Animals > Flashcards

Transport in Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the need for transport systems

A
  • need to exchange substances with their surrounding environment
  • singed celled organisms have a high SA:V
  • exchange substances via diffusion
  • multicellular organisms have a smaller SA:V as their size increases there is a longer diffusion distance
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2
Q

what is an open system

A
  • blood isn’t contained within blood vessels but is pumped directly into the body cavity (haemocoel)
  • haemocoel comes into direct contact with tissues and cells where exchange takes place between the transport medium and cells
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3
Q

what is a closed system

A
  • blood is pumped around the body and is always contained within a network of blood vessels
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4
Q

what is a single system

A
  • blood passes through the heart once during one complete circuit of the body
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5
Q

what is a double system

A
  • blood passes through the heart twice during one complete circuit of the body
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6
Q

how does the circulatory system in fish work

A
  • single system
  • deoxygenated blood is pumped to the gills from the heart
  • gills are the exchange site where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged with the atmosphere and blood
  • oxygenated blood flows from the gills to the body
  • blood returns to the heart
  • heart has one atrium and one ventricle
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7
Q

how does the circulatory system in animals work

A
  • blood in the right side of the heart leaves and travels to the lungs
  • blood returns to the left side of the heart before being pumped around the body
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8
Q

how does the circulatory system in insects work

A
  • tubular heart pumps haemoglobin into the dorsal vessels
  • dorsal vessel delivers haemolymph into haemocoel
  • haemolymph re enters the heart via a one way valve called ostia
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9
Q

what are the components of blood vessels

A
  • elastic fibres
  • smooth muscle
  • collagen
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10
Q

what are elastic fibres

A

stretch and recoil providing walls with flexibility

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11
Q

what is smooth muscle

A

contracts and relaxes which changes lumen size

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12
Q

what is collagen

A

provides structural support to maintain the shape and volume of the vessel

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13
Q

what are arteries

A
  • transport blood from the heart to the rest of the body
  • walls are thick, muscular, elastic fibres to stretch and recoil as the heart beats to maintain high pressure
  • endothelium is folded allowing artery to expand
  • narrow lumen
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14
Q

what are arterioles

A
  • branch from arteries, transport blood into capillaries
  • smooth layer allowing them to expand and contract which controls the amount of blood flow into tissues
  • muscular layer allows them to partially cut off blood flow to specific organs
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15
Q

what are veins

A
  • return blood to the heart under low pressure
  • wide lumen so blood returns faster with less friction between blood and endothelial layer
  • valves prevent the backflow of blood
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16
Q

what are venules

A
  • connect capillaries to veins
  • few/no elastic fibres
  • large lumen
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17
Q

what are capillaries

A
  • leaky thin walls allowing substances to leave the blood to reach body tissues
  • small lumen so blood moves slowly for more diffusion
  • thin walls allow for a short diffusion distance
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18
Q

what is hydrostatic pressure

A

pressure exerted by a fluid

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19
Q

what is oncotic pressure

A
  • osmotic pressure exerted by plasma proteins within a blood vessel
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20
Q

how is tissue fluid formed at the arterial end

A
  • blood at arterial end
  • hydrostatic pressure forces fluid out of capillary
  • proteins are large and remain in blood
  • increased protein content creates water potential gradient between capillary and tissue fluid
  • hydrostatic pressure is greater than oncotic pressure, movement of water is out of capillaries into tissue fluid
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21
Q

how is tissue fluid formed at the venous end

A
  • hydrostatic pressure within the capillary is reduced due to increased distance from the heart
  • water potential gradient stays the same
  • oncotic pressure greater than hydrostatic
  • water flows into capillary from tissue fluid
22
Q

what is the lymphatic system

A
  • excess tissue fluid passes into lymph vessels
  • becomes lymph inside
  • valves prevent lymph from going backward
  • lymph moves to lymph vessels in thorax
  • lymph re-enters bloodstream through veins
23
Q

what is the mammalian heart structure

A
  • protected in chest by pericardium
  • left and right side separated by septum
  • interatrial septum separates atria’s
  • interventricular septum separates ventricles
24
Q

what does the tricuspid valve separate

A

right atria and ventricle

25
Q

what does the pulmonary valve separate

A

right ventricle and pulmonary artery

26
Q

what does the bicuspid valve separate

A

left atria and ventricle

27
Q

what does the aortic valve separate

A

left ventricle and aorta

28
Q

what brings blood to the heart

A

vena cava and pulmonary vein

29
Q

what takes blood away from the heart

A

pulmonary artery and aorta

30
Q

what are coronary arteries

A
  • receives blood through arteries
  • supply cardiac muscle with nutrients
  • removes waste products
31
Q

what is atrial systole

A

-atrial walls contract - atrial volume decreases and pressure increases
- pressure forces atrioventricular valves open
- blood forced into ventricles

32
Q

what is ventricular systole

A
  • ventricle walls contract - ventricular volume decreases and pressure increases
  • atrioventricular valves forced closed
  • force semi-lunar valves open
  • blood forced into arteries and out of the heart
33
Q

what is diastole

A
  • ventricles and atria are relaxed
  • pressure in ventricles drops below pressure in the aorta and pulmonary artery forces semi-lunar valves closed
  • pressure in atria rises forcing atrio-ventricular valves open
  • blood flows into ventricles
34
Q

what is cardiac output and how do you calculate it

A
  • volume of blood that is pumped by the heart per minute

heart rate x stroke volume

heart rate = number of times a heart beats per minute
stroke volume = volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle

35
Q

what is the electrical activity in the heart

A
  • starts in sino atrial node in wall of right atrium
  • SAN sets rhythm of heartbeat by sending out waves of electrical activity to atrial walls
  • right and left atria contract at the same time
  • band of non-conducting collagen tissue prevents waves of electrical activity passing directly from atria to ventricles
  • waves of activity transferred from SAN to AVN
  • bundle of His conducts waves of activity to purkyne tissue in right and left ventricular walls contracting simultaneously
36
Q

what are electrocardiograms

A
  • used to monitor and investigate electrical activity of the heart
  • use electrodes placed on the chest
37
Q

what is tachycardia

A
  • heart beats too fast
  • resting heart rate of 100bpm
38
Q

what is bradycardia

A
  • heart beats too slow
  • resting heart rate of 60bpm
39
Q

what is an ectopic heartbeat

A
  • early heartbeat then pause
40
Q

what is fibrillation

A

irregular heartbeat

41
Q

what are the adaptations of erythrocytes

A
  • flattened biconcave shape increases surface area and maximises diffusion
  • no nucleus to maximise space for haemoglobin
  • large diameter to slow blood flow to enable the diffusion of oxygen
42
Q

what is haemoglobin

A
  • protein that makes up 95% of red blood cells
  • 4 polypeptide chains each bound to a haem group
  • each haem group combines with one oxygen molecule
  • 1 molecule of haemoglobin can bind to 4 oxygen molecules = oxyhaemoglobin
43
Q

how does oxygen bind to haemoglobin

A
  • oxygen binds to haemoglobin at a high oxygen concentration
  • oxygen dissociates from haemoglobin at a low oxygen concentration
44
Q

what is partial pressure

A
  • mixture of gases that has an overall pressure
  • each gas in the mixture is contributing
45
Q

what is the bohr shift

A
  • describes the effect of high carbon dioxide concentration on haemoglobin affinity to oxygen
  • low amount of partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases the affinity
  • high amount of partial pressure of oxygen decreases the affinity
  • as proportion of carbon dioxide increases the oxygen dissociation curve for HB moves to the right
46
Q

what is foetal haemoglobin

A
  • higher affinity for oxygen
  • helps maximise oxygen uptake from the mother’s bloodstream
47
Q

what is myoglobin

A
  • 1 haem group
  • high affinity for oxygen even at low partial pressures
  • oxymyoglobin will only ever dissociate when oxygen levels are low
48
Q

how is carbon dioxide transported

A
  • 5 % produced by respiring cells
  • diffuses into the cytoplasm
  • carbonic anhydrase produces carbonic acid
  • 10-20% combines with amino groups to form carbaminohaemoglobin
  • 75-80% converted to hydrogen carbonate
49
Q

what is hydrogen carbonate

A
  • carbon dioxide reacts slowly with water to form carbonic acid
  • weak acid - partially dissociates to form hydrogen carbonate and hydrogen ions
  • sped up by high levels of carbonic anhydrase
50
Q

what is haemoglobinic acid

A
  • hydrogen ions produced by dissociation binds with haemoglobin to form haemoglobinic acid
  • haemoglobin acts as a buffer
51
Q

what is the chloride shift

A
  • negatively into charged hydrogen carbonate ions move out of the cell and red blood cells become positive
  • chloride ions move into red blood cells

Biology Hope (26 decks)

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