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Biology Hope > Biodiversity > Flashcards

Biodiversity Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is biodiversity

A

variety of organisms living in an area

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2
Q

what are species

A

a group of similar organisms able to reproduce and give fertile offspring

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3
Q

what is a habitat

A
  • the area inhabited by a species
  • influenced by physical and living dactors
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4
Q

what is habitat diversity

A

the number of different habitats in area

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5
Q

what is species diversity

A
  • the number of different species in an area
  • the abundance of each species in an area
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6
Q

what is genetic diversity

A

the variation of alleles within a species

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7
Q

what is random sampling

A
  • sample should be random
  • random number generator to select coordinates
  • avoid bias but may not be representative
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8
Q

what are the types of non-random sampling

A
  • systematic
  • opportunistic
  • stratified
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9
Q

what is systematic sampling

A
  • samples taken at fixed intervals
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10
Q

what is opportunistic sampling

A
  • samples chosen by an investigator
  • biased data
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11
Q

what is stratified sampling

A
  • different areas in a habitat are identified and sampled separately in proportion to their part of a habitat as a whole
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12
Q

what is species richness

A
  • number of different species in an area
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13
Q

what is species evenness

A
  • measure of the relative abundance of each species in an area
  • more similar the population size of each species the greater the species evenness
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14
Q

what is quadrating

A
  • percentage of ground cover for smaller species
  • square frame
  • random sampling generates random numbers/coordinates
  • divided quadrat makes estimating easier
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15
Q

types of transects

A
  • belt transect
  • line transect
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16
Q

what is Tullgren funnel

A
  • collecting small animals from leaf litter
  • light drives them down
  • animals fall into the collecting jar
17
Q

why do we sample

A
  • to see how human activities may be affecting an area
  • environmental impact assessment prior to planning developments
  • importance of maintaining habitats and reducing the damage we do to them.
18
Q

what is Simpsons index of diversity

A
  • closer to 1 = more diverse the habitat
  • greater species richness and evenness

D= diversity index
n = total number of individuals of one species
N = total number of organisms of all species

19
Q

how can genetic diversity be assessed

A
  • low genetic diversity the population may not be well adapted to a change in the environment and the whole population could be wiped out
  • isolated populations - bred in captivity
  • efforts can be made to increase the genetic diversity if needed - breeding programmes
20
Q

what is polymorphism

A
  • a gene has more than one allele
  • hair colour, eye colour
21
Q

what is monomorphism

A
  • when a gene has more than one allele
22
Q

what is the calculation to measure genetic diversity

A

proportion of polymorphic gene loci =
number of polymorphic gene loci / total number of loci

23
Q

how does human population growth affect biodiversity

A

Habitat loss = deforestation to make way for grazing and agriculture - decreases habitat diversity

Over-Exploitation = greater demand for resources , used up faster than can be produced

Urbanisation = cities and road developments can isolate species, populations cannot interbreed

Pollution = high amounts of pollutants can kill species or destroy habitats

24
Q

how can the use of monoculture in agriculture affect biodiversity

A
  • habitats are lost and land is cleared to make way for large fields
  • local plants and animals seen as weeds and pests and destroyed with pesticides and herbicides
25
Q

how does climate change affect biodiversity

A
  • most species need a particular climate to survive
  • cause an increase or decrease in the range of some species
  • some species forced to migrate
26
Q

ecological reasons to maintain biodiversity : protecting keystone species

A

loss of a keystone species
- disrupt food chains
- disrupt nutrient cycle

27
Q

ecological reasons to maintain biodiversity: maintaining genetic resources

A

Food = from animals
Clothing = cotton and leather
Drugs = from plant compounds

28
Q

economic reasons to maintain biodiversity : reducing soil depletion

A
  • monoculture is growing one crop
  • continuous monoculture = planting the same crop in the same field
  • continuous causes soil depletion as nutrients required by the crop are used up
  • economic costs = increased spending on fertilisers
29
Q

economic reasons to maintain biodiversity : aesthetic reasons

A
  • areas rich in biodiversity provide pleasant, attractive landscapes
  • increase tourism
30
Q

what is in-situ conservation

A
  • establishing protected areas such as national parks as restricted areas
  • controlling or preventing the introduction of species that threaten local biodiversity
  • protecting habitats
  • promoting species
  • legal protection to endangered species
31
Q

what is ex-situ conservation

A
  • relocating an organism to a safer area
  • breeding organisms in captivity and releasing them into the wild when they are strong enough
  • botanic gardens to grow rare plants
  • seed banks
32
Q

what is the rio convention on biological diversity

A
  • develop international strategies on how to use plant and animal resources in a sustainable way
  • provides guidance to governments on how to conserve biodiversity
33
Q

what is the CITES agreement

A
  • illegal to kill endangered species
  • conserve species by limiting trade
  • illegal to trade products from endangered animals
34
Q

what is the countryside stewardship scheme

A
  • conserve wildlife and biodiversity
  • improve and extend wildlife habitats by promoting management techniques
  • pay landowners who followed techniques

Biology Hope (26 decks)

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