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Biology Hope > Hormonal Communication > Flashcards

Hormonal Communication Flashcards

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1
Q

what are endocrine glands

A

group of chemicals that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

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2
Q

what are the main endocrine glands

A

Pituitary
- growth hormone and ADH
Thyroid
- thyroxine and metabolism
Adrenal
- adrenaline
Pineal
- melatonin
Thymus
- matures white blood cells
Pancreas
- blood glucose

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3
Q

what are hormones

A
  • chemical messengers
  • secreted directly into the blood when a gland is stimulated
  • bind to target cells and hormones stimulate the cells to produce a response
  • first messenger - hormone that binds to the receptor
  • second messenger - causes the effect inside the cell
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4
Q

what are the aspects of hormonal communication

A
  • communication by hormones
  • transmission in the blood
  • slow transmission but wide response
  • effect may be permanent and irreversible
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5
Q

what is the adrenal cortex

A
  • outer region of the gland
  • produces cortisol (stress hormone)
  • produces aldosterone (regulate salts)

Glucocorticoids - regulates metabolism by how the body converts fats, proteins and carbohydrates to energy

Mineralocorticoids - control blood pressure , maintain balance between salt and water concentrations

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6
Q

what is the adrenal medulla

A
  • inner region of the gland
  • produce non-essential hormones

Adrenaline - increase heart rate, send blood quickly to muscles and brain, raise blood glucose

Noradrenaline - increases heart rate, widens pupils, high blood pressure

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7
Q

how is a pancreas a exocrine gland

A
  • produces enzymes and release them via a duct into the duodenum
  • produce pancreatic juice, amylase, protease, lipase
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8
Q

how is the pancreas an endocrine gland

A
  • produces hormones and release them into the blood
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9
Q

what are the islet of Langerhans

A
  • alpha cells - produce and secrete glucagon
  • beta cells - produce and secrete insulin
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10
Q

what is the histology of the islet of Langerhans

A
  • lightly stained
  • large spherical clusters
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11
Q

how can blood glucose concentration be increased

A

Diet - carbohydrate rich foods
Glycogenolysis - glycogen is broken down into glucose which is released in the bloodstream and then reabsorbed

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12
Q

how can blood glucose concentration be decreased

A

Glycogenesis - production of glycogen, excess glucose is stored as glycogen

Respiration - glucose used by cells to release energy

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13
Q

what is the role of insulin

A
  • if blood glucose concentration is high beta cells detect this and secrete insulin
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14
Q

How does insulin lower blood glucose concentration

A
  • increasing rate of absorption of glucose by a cell
  • increase respiratory rate of cells
  • increase rate of glycogenesis
  • inhibit the release of glucagon by alpha cells
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15
Q

what is the mechanism of insulin secretion

A
  • at normal blood glucose concentration K+ channels in beta cells membrane opens and ions diffuse out of the cell
  • when blood glucose rises glucose enters the cell by glucose transporters
  • glucose metabolised inside mitochondria and produces ATP
  • ATP binds to K+ channels closing them and depolarising them
  • voltage gated calcium channels open
  • calcium ions enter causing vesicles to release insulin by exocytosis
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16
Q

what is the role of glucagon

A

if blood concentration is too low alpha cells secrete glucagon into the bloodstream

17
Q

how does glucagon raise blood glucose concentration

A
  • glycogenolysis - liver breaks down glucagon back to glucose
  • reducing the amount of glucose absorbed by liver cells
18
Q

what is type 1 diabetes

A
  • cannot produce insulin
  • beta cells don’t work
19
Q

what is type 2 diabetes

A
  • cannot use insulin and control blood sugar levels
  • beta cells don’t produce insulin/ body doesn’t respond to insulin
20
Q

how do you treat type 1 diabetes

A
  • regularly testing blood glucose - work out the dose of insulin needed
  • injecting too much insulin can cause hypoglycaemia (low blood glucose)
  • injecting too little insulin can cause hyperglycaemia (high blood glucose)
21
Q

how do you treat type 2 diabetes

A
  • lifestyle changes
  • regulate carbohydrate intake
  • match diet to exercise
  • drugs to stimulate insulin production
22
Q

how is medically produces insulin beneficial

A
  • human insulin produced in a pure form so less likely to cause an allergic reaction
  • insulin produced in large quantities
  • cheap production costs
  • no religious and ethical objections
23
Q

what is the potential use of stem cells in the treatment of diabetes

A
  • could be grown into beta cells
  • beta cells implanted into pancreas
  • person could make insulin
24
Q

what is the fight or flight process

A
  • threat detected by autonomic nervous system
  • hypothalamus communicates with the sympathetic system (neurones) and adrenal-corticol system (hormones in blood)
  • sympathetic system sends impulse to glands and smooth muscles for adrenal medulla to release noradrenaline and adrenaline into the bloodstream
  • hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland to release ACTH
  • travels in bloodstream to the adrenal cortex to release hormones
25
Q

what are the physical responses of fight or flight

A
  • increased heart rate - pump more oxygenated blood
  • blood glucose rises - increase respiration to provide energy
26
Q

how does adrenaline serve as a 2nd messenger model

A
  • adrenaline binds to its receptor adenylyl cyclase is activated
  • adenylyl cyclase triggers conversion of ATP into CAMP
  • increase in CAMP levels activate protein kinases which phosphorylase other enzymes
  • triggers conversion of glycogen into glucose
27
Q

how is heart rate controlled

A
  • medulla oblongata controls heart rate and has 2 centres linked to the SAN
  • increases heart rate by sending impulses through the sympathetic system along the accelerator nerve
  • decreases heart rate by sending impulses through the parasympathetic system along to vagus nerve

Biology Hope (26 decks)

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