Transport In Animals

Question 1

Why do multicellular organisms require. Transport systems

Answer 1

High demand for oxygen, so theres a need for transport system to supply oxygen to all respiring cells

Larger , so consequently higher metabolic rates

Question 2

Summarise different types of circulatory systems

Answer 2

Single system= blood passes through body once

Double system = blood passes through body twice

Question 3

Relate the structure of arteriers to their function

Answer 3

Thick muscular walls to avoid tears and to withstand high pressures
Narrow lumen to maintain the pressure

Question 4

Relate veins structure to rheir functions

Answer 4

Thin walls due to lower blood pressure
Require valves so blood doesnt backflow
Doesnt require thick walls as they dont have to require blood flow

Question 5

Relate the structure or capilliaries to their function

Answer 5

Walls are only one cell wall thick so it creates a short diffusion pathway
Very narrow- affectivelt delivers oxygen to tissue

Very branched, increases rhe surface area so it can take more blood

Question 6

Relate the structure of arterioles and venules to their function

Answer 6

Smaller than arteries and veins so the change in pressure is more gradual along the way as blood passes through extremelt small vessells

Question 7

Describes what happens in cardiac disatole

Answer 7

Heart is relaxed
Blood enters through the atria- pressure is then increased opening up the valves
Blood then flows to ventricles
Pressure in the blood is lower than arteries so semi lunar valves remain closed

Question 8

Atria systole

Answer 8

Atria contracts pushing any remaining blood into the ventricles

Question 9

Ventricular systole

Answer 9

Ventricles contract, blood pressure increase
Ventricular valves close to prevent back flow
Semilunar valves open as pressure in heart is higher than arteries
Blood flows through arteries

Question 10

Cardiac output

Answer 10

Heart rate vs stroke volume

Question 11

How does rhe heart contract

Answer 11

SAN spreads impulse so the heart can contract
AVN receives then delays the impulse down so the impulse can travel down and enter fibres that branch across ventricles so it contracts bottom from the bottom up

Question 12

ECG

Answer 12

Graph showinf electrical activity in the heart during the heart cycle

Question 13

Types of abnormal heart activity within the cell

Answer 13

Trachycardia- fast heartbeat
Bradycardia- slow heartbeat
Fibrillation-irregular heartbeat
Ectopic- early heartbeat

Question 14

Describe the role of haemoglobin

Answer 14

Oxygen binds to haem group which are carried around the blood and transported to where its needed

Question 15

How does partial pressure increase oxy-hameoglobin binding

Answer 15

As partial pressure increases , the affinity for oxygen from the haem group also increases so oxygen binds to haemglobin much more

If partial pressure is low, haemoglobin releases oxygen

Question 16

What do oxygen dissociation graphs show

Answer 16

These show a saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen against partial pressuee of oxygen
If theres a higher saturation, the graph isto the right , if theres a lower saturation its to left

Question 17

Bohr effect

Answer 17

As partial pressure for carbon dioxide increases , conditions become more acidic causing haemoglobin to change shape so oxygen is released from haemoglobin

Question 18

Fetal haemoglobin

Answer 18

Has a higher affinity for oxygeb than adult haemoglobin, because during pregnancy, rhe partial pressure in the womb would be low by the time it reaches the fetus, so they beed to develop a higher affinity for oxygen to survive

Question 19

Carbonic hydrase in the Bohr affect

Answer 19

Carbonic hydrase is present within red blood cells, converts carbon dioxide to carbonic acid causing a dissociation of H+ ions
Which combine with haemoglobin to make haemoglobinc acid
Causing oxygen to be dissociate from haemoglobin