Bio Molecules.2 Flashcards
Define a monomer and a polymer
Monomer- smaller unite that join together to form a polymer E.g of monomers: Amino acids Monosaccharides Nucleotides
Polymer-molecules that are formed when many monomers join together E.g of polymers: Polysaccharides DNA& RNA polypeptides(protein)
Define a condensation and hydrolysis reaction
Condensation reaction - When two molecules bond together , releasing water and formint a bond
Hydrolysis- Addition of water breakd the bond of the molecule
elements found in carbohydrates, proteins,nucleic acids
Carbs- C , H , O
Nucleic acids- C H O N P
Protein - C H O S N
Key part of difference between alpha + beta glucose
Alpha glucose -> OH (carboxyl) group is BELOW Carbon 1
Beta glucose-> OH (carboxyl) group is ABOVE carbon 1
Ribise
5 carbon structure
In the shape of a pentagon
What type of bond forms when monosaccharides bond
Glycosidic bond forms when two monosaccharides bond
Form disaccharide when its two monoscahhatides bonded together , forms polysaccharide when its more than two monosaccharides
Disaccharide ,2 monosacchrides =1 chemical bond
Polysacchride , 3 or more monoscharrides = more than 1 chemical bond
Name 3 disaccharides snd how they form
Maltose= glucose + glucose Lactose = glucose + galactose Sucrose = glucose + fructose
C12H22O11= structure
Describe structure + functions of starch
Acts as a storage molecule
Contains amylopectin, amylose
Amylopectin-
1,4 1,6 glycosidic bond
Highly branched
A lot of terminal ends for hydrolysis reactions for glucose to be released
Amylose
helix structure, so it is much more compact
1,4 glycosidic bond
How do triglyericides form
Condensation reaction between 1 glyerol and 3 fatty acids
Compare saturated and unsaturated molecules
Saturated- Contains onlt single bonds Solid Straighr chain molecules Higher melting point
Unsaturated fats - Contains a double carbon bond Kinked molecules Liquid at room temperature Lower melting point Found in plant oils Found in animal fats
Relate to the structure of triglyericides to their functions
Slow conductor of heat, so it can be used for insulation
Insoluble hydrocarbon chain- no affect on rhe water potential
Describe the funcyion and structure of cholesterol
Steroid structure of 4 hydrocarbon rings, hydroxl group on one side , hydrocarbon tail on the other
Helps to connect phosphipids and reduce fluidity causing stability
General structure of an amino group
1amine group
1 carboxyl group
1 R variable
How do polypeptides form
Condensation reaction between two amino acids form a polypeptide
Becomes a NCCNCC
Primary structure
Simple sequence of amino acids within a protein
Secondary polypeptide chain
Hydrogen bonds start to form between
Contains two different types
Alpha helix:
All N-H bonds are onthe same side of the protein chain
Spiral shape
H bonds are parralell to the helical axis
Beta pleated sheet:
ALL N-H and C=O groups alternate from each other
Tertiary structure bonding
Disulfide bridges= strong S-S covalent bonds between the amino acid cysteine
Ionic bonds= relatively strong bonds between R charged groups, change in PH can break this apart tho lol
Hydrogen bonds = very numerous and can be easily broken, weak
Quaternary structure
Functional proteins that contains more than one polypeptide
3D structure
May contain prosthetic groups, e.g metal
Has all the same bonds as tertiary structure
Disulfide bridges= Stront S-S bonds that form betwen the amino acid cysteine
Hydrogen bonding = relatively weak and nunerous
Ionic bonding = strong bonding that occurs between charged R groups, changes in PH can break this bond apart
Describe the structure and function of globular priteins
Spherical snd compact
Hydrophillic r groups face outward and hydrophobic r groups face inwards
Incolved in metabolite processes e.g enzymes, insulin, haemoglobin
Describe the structure of haemoglobin
Globular conjugated protein with a prosthetic group
2 alpha chains, 2 beta chains, 4 prosthetic haem groups
Water soluble so it dissolves in water
Iron haem groups binds with O2
Its tertiary structure changes so it can bind easier to Oxygen
Explain the role of fibrous proteins
Long chains of fibres
Insoluble in water
Useful for structure and support e.g collagen in skin
List the functions of collagen, keratin, elastin
Collagen = component found in bones
Kertain= epithelial cells, main structural component found in nails, hair
Elastin= providies elasticity for connective tissues like lungs or etc
