Transport

Question 1

Contents of Sieve Tube

Answer 1

90% sucrose

-Also amino acids, minerals, and ions

Question 2

What direction does sugar travel?

Answer 2

Source (Leaves and storage tissues in spring) to Sink (meristems, reproductive tissues, storage tissues in summer)

Question 3

Pressure Flow Hypothesis

Answer 3

• Phloem loading at source creates high pressure
• Phloem unloading at sink creates low pressure
• Sugars flow down gradient
• Active transport to pump sugars and unload them

Question 4

Transpiration

Answer 4

Loss of water out of stomata

-Plants open stomata for photosynthesis but lose water

Question 5

Negative Pressure

Answer 5

Created by transpiration

-Negative pressure on water column inside plant pulls water up the plant

Question 6

Tension

Answer 6

Pulling force on a string

Question 7

Tensility

Answer 7

amount of force needed to break a substance

Question 8

Physics of water in xylem

Answer 8

• water is under tension

- has high tensile strength

Question 9

Tensile strength

Answer 9

Water forms a strong column in xylem

Question 10

Adhesion

Answer 10

Water adheres to xylem creating tensility

Question 11

Cohesion

Answer 11

Water molecules cohere to each other

Question 12

Direction of water movement

Answer 12

-Passive
Roots->stems->out of leaves
-against gravity

Question 13

Where do plants get their nutrients from?

Answer 13

atmosphere and soil solution

Question 14

Nutrient functions

Answer 14

1. synthesis of sugars, amino acids, etc
2. regulate enzyme function
3. create electrochem gradients

Question 15

First 4 macronutrients

Answer 15

1. Hydrogen (H2)
2. Carbon (CO2)
3. Oxygen (O2)
4. Nitrogen (NH4+, NO3-)

Question 16

Where 1) magnesium and 2) phosphorus are used

Answer 16

1) Chlorophyll

2) ATP

Question 17

Where 1)Sulfur and 2) Manganese are used

Answer 17

1) 2 Amino Acids and protein folding

2) Oxygen Evolving Complex in PSII

Question 18

Symptoms of nutrient deficiency

Answer 18

Stunting, wilting, chlorosis, necrosis

Question 19

Nitrogen Paradox

Answer 19

78% of atmosphere has Nitrogen (N2) that can’t be used by most organisms
-Nitrogen (NO3-, NH4+) must be taken up from soil but there is lots of competition and it leaches away in water

Question 20

Nitrogen FIxation

Answer 20

Reduction of N2 to Ammonium

• Via nitrogenase (must be kept away from O2)
• Requires a lot of ATP

Question 21

Rhizobium

Answer 21

Nitrogen fixing bacteria

• Symbiotic w/ roots of legume family
• Live in root nodules

Question 22

What percent of calories come from starch?

Answer 22

80%

Question 23

6 crops for main sources of starch

Answer 23

Rice, wheat, corn, potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava (yuca)

Question 24

What crops came from Peru and where are they now a staple?

Answer 24

• Potato (all over)
• Sweet potato (Africa)
• Cassava (Latin Amer)

Question 25

Origin of corn and where it is a staple

Answer 25

Mexico–>Latin Amer, Africa

Question 26

Origin of Wheat and where it is a staple

Answer 26

Middle East–>Europe, N. Amer

Question 27

Origin of rice and where it is a staple

Answer 27

SE Asia–>Asia

Question 28

Rice

Answer 28

High in calories but low in vitamin A

• Vit A deficiency causes blindness and death (problem in SE Asia)
• Golden rice is potential solution

Question 29

Vitamins

Answer 29

Essential organic compounds

Question 30

Vitamin C deficiency

Answer 30

Scurvey: muscle pain, lethargy, rough skin, gum disease, death
-Eat more limes

Question 31

Nixtamalization

Answer 31

Ancient American process of preparing corn

• soak in alkaline solution, rinse, grind into masa
• makes niacin available

Question 32

Pellagra

Answer 32

Niacin deficiency

• sensitivity to sunlight, skin lesions, dementia, death
• Still a major problem in Africa

Question 33

Iron

Answer 33

Essential mineral

• Center of hemoglobin molecule that carries oxygen
• Deficiency causes anemia

Question 34

1. Heme Iron

2. Non-heme iron

Answer 34

1. from red meat

2. from other animal tissues and plants; harder to absorb

Question 35

Complete protein

Answer 35

Contains all 9 essential amino acids

Question 36

Complete Protein Combos

Answer 36

• Corn and beans
• wheat and peas
• rice and soy
• wheat and lentil/chickpeas

Question 37

Grain amaranths

Answer 37

C4 photosynthesis
High in iron
Complete protein

Question 38

Plants with complete proteins

Answer 38

Quinoa, amaranth, soy, chia, buckwheat