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Botony > Plant Growth and Roots > Flashcards

Plant Growth and Roots Flashcards

1
Q

Indeterminate Growth

A

Ability to grow to genetically unspecified size throughout life

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2
Q

Totipotency

A

Ability of cell to give rise to :
any cell or tissue type
generate and organ
clone an organism

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3
Q

Meristem

A

Region of undifferentiated, totipotent, parenchyma cells

Function: to divide

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4
Q

Types of meristamatic regions for primary growth

A

Apical meristems

Primary meristems

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5
Q

Types of meristamatic regions for secondary growth

A

Vascular cambium

Phellogen

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6
Q

Initials

A

small, undifferentiated, totipotent cells

-Divides and remains part of meristem

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7
Q

Derivatives

A

Totipotent
Can: divide again
-grow
-Differentiate

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8
Q

Positional Info

A

How cells know what to become

-chemical and environmental signals

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9
Q

Where does primary growth occur?

A

In all organs and all plants

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10
Q

Where does secondary growth occur

A

Roots and stems in some plants

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11
Q

Apical Meristem

A

Meristem at the tip of root or stem

-Divisions give rise to primary meristems

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12
Q

Primary meristem

A

Divisions give rise to primary tissue systems

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13
Q

Vascular Cambium

A

Layer of meristematic cells b/w phloem and xylem

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14
Q

Derivatives of vascular cambium produce

A

-secondary phloem on phloem side
-secondary xylem on xylem side
(5x more xylem than phloem)

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15
Q

Functions of Roots (5)

A
  1. Anchor plant
  2. Absorb and conduct water
  3. Control movement of water and ions
  4. Starch storage
  5. Detect gravity
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16
Q

Root Zones (4)

A
  1. Rootcap
  2. Region of cell division
  3. Region of Elongation
  4. Region of Maturation
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17
Q

Rootcap

A

Mass of short lived parenchyma cells that cover tip of root

18
Q

Functions of rootcap (3)

A
  1. Secrete mucigel
  2. Protect apical meristem
  3. Orient plant growth
19
Q

Zone of Division

A

Has apical meristem and primary meristem

-Divides

20
Q

Zone of Elongation

A

Derivatives of meristems elongate
Primary growth
-pushes rootcap and meristems through the soil

21
Q

Zone of Maturation

A

Cells and tissues differentiate

-Root hairs

22
Q

Root Hairs

A
  • extension of epidermal cells
  • short lived
  • in zone of maturation
  • increase absorptive surface area and absorb water and ions
23
Q

Epidermis function and structure

A

Absorb minerals and water

-thin cuticle and root hairs

24
Q

Cortex

A

Ground tissue system of parenchyma located b/w epidermis and vascular cylinder

25
Q

Function and structure of cortex

A
  1. Storage–prominent amyloplasts
  2. Circulation of air–aerenchyma
  3. Control water into vascular cylinder–endodermis
26
Q

Apoplastic movement

A

Through intercellular spaces and along the primary cell walls
-doesn’t cross a membrane (not filtered)

27
Q

Symplastic Movement

A

From cell to cell through plasmodesmata

28
Q

Transcellular

A

Through vacuoles, cell membranes, and walls

29
Q

Endodermis

A

Innermost layer of cortex

  • densely packed parenchyma
  • casparian strips
  • made of suberin (waxy)
  • controls water into vascular cylinder
30
Q

Casparian Strips

A

Endodermis

  • block apoplastic flow of water
  • force water through plasmalemma
31
Q

Vascular Cylinder regions (3)

A

Pericycle
Primary xylem
Primary phloem

32
Q

Pericycle

A 
Outermost layer of v. Cylinder
Parenchyma cells that can give rise to more
-give rise to lateral roots
-contributes to vascular cambium
-give rise to cork cambium and periderm
33
Q

Lateral Roots

A
  • Branch roots
  • Endogenous formation
  • Originate in pericycle
  • Punch their way out
34
Q

Taproot System

A

Primary root long lived

  • Grows deep w/ branches coming off
  • 2° growth common
  • Dicots
35
Q

Fibrous Root System

A

Primary root short lived

  • Network of adventitious roots and lateral roots
  • Shallow and bind soil
  • 2° growth absent
  • Monocots
36
Q

Storage Roots

A
  • Primary roots w/ large storage cortex
  • Secondary roots: mostly storage parenchyma
  • Carrots, radishes
37
Q

Adventitious Roots

A

Roots that grow from an organ other than another root

-Includes prop roots that help keep a plant upright

38
Q

Aerial Roots

A
  • Epiphytes
  • Absorb water and ions out of air
  • May be photosynthetic
39
Q

Epiphyte

A

Non-parasitic plant that grows on another plant

-Orchids

40
Q

Velamen

A

Multi-layered epidermis

  • absorbs water and ions
  • Specialized tissue in some orchids
41
Q

Haustorium

A

Modified root of parasitic plants

  • Pierces host
  • Connects to vascular system of the plant
  • Dodder and Haustoria

Botony (12 decks)

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