Tracheophytes

Question 1

Characteristics of tracheophytes

Answer 1

1. Vascular tissue
2. Sporophyte dominant (persistant, free living, and photosynthetic)
3. Sporangium w/ tapetum layer

Question 2

Tapetum

Answer 2

Nutritive layer found below sporangium wall

• Breaks down as spore develops
• Releases nutrients

Question 3

Early Vascular Plants

Answer 3

Extinct

• Simple dichotomously branching stems
• Leafless
• Terminal sporangia

Question 4

2 Groups of Tracheophytes

Answer 4

• Lycophytes

- Euphilophytes (ferns and seed plants)

Question 5

Lycophyta

Answer 5

Sp Div-5th
Eco Div-tropical
Old and many turned into coal
1. Microphylls: derived leaves
2. Dichopodial Roots

Question 6

Microphyll

Answer 6

Small leaves w/ single vein
Origin: enation w/out vascular tissue
-Lycophyta

Question 7

Dichopodial Roots

Answer 7

Dichotomously branch

-Lycophyta

Question 8

Euphyllophyte Characteristics

Answer 8

Ferns and seed plants

1. Leaves called megaphylls
2. Monopodial roots
3. Multiflagellate Sperm

Question 9

Megaphylls

Answer 9

Leaves, large and richly veined

Origin: lateral branches that flattened out and developed mesophyl webbing

Question 10

Pteridophyta (Ferns)

Answer 10

Sp Div-3rd

Eco Div- understory forest plants and epiphytes

Question 11

Eusporangia Ferns

Answer 11

Very old

• Psilotales and Equisetales
• All have eusporangium

Question 12

Eusporangia

Answer 12

Normal sporangia w/ wall, tapetum, spores

-No special features

Question 13

Psilotum (Eusporangiate)

Answer 13

3 lobed eusporangia

• Dichotomous branching
• No roots or leaves
• Growth form looks like vascular plants

Question 14

Equisetales (Eusporangiate)

Answer 14

Ancient group-many extinct tree-size lineages but now only small herbaceous plants

• No leaves
• Unique stems, strobili, and spores

Question 15

Equisetum Stems

Answer 15

Jointed, hollow, and rigid

• Green and photosynthetis
• Silicon in epidermis
• Series of canals make hollow pith

Question 16

Equisetum Spores

Answer 16

Green and photosynthetic

4 coiled elaters that twist and untwist in response to humidity

Question 17

Leptosporangiate Ferns Characteristics

Answer 17

Order: Filicales

• Leptosporangia
• Fronds
• Fiddleheads
• Rhizomes
• No secondary growth
• Many epiphytes

Question 18

Leptosporangium

Answer 18

Sporangium w/ stalk, lip cells, and annulus w/ thick walls

-Catapults spores away

Question 19

Fronds

Answer 19

Fern leaves

• Usually compound
• Leaflet called pinnae
• Attached to rachis

Question 20

Circinate Vernation

Answer 20

Coiling of young fern leaves
-Called a fiddle head
Protects leaf tip as it develops

Question 21

Fern Stems

Answer 21

Usually rhizomes

• Underground and produce leaves and adventitious roots
• No secondary growth

Question 22

Sorus

Answer 22

Discrete groups of sporangia

-Occur on underside of frond

Question 23

Indusium

Answer 23

-Cover sori

Protect sporangium from drying out

Question 24

Fern Gametophytes

Answer 24

Heart shaped body called prothallus

• Green and photosynthetic
• Rhizoids to anchor