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Palmer Cell Phys - Ward > Translation_Exam3 > Flashcards

Translation_Exam3 Flashcards

1
Q

Each codon contains ____ nucleotides that code for a specific AA

A

3

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2
Q

Genetic condons for mRNA

A

A,G,C,U

Adenine, Guanine, cytosine, uracil

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3
Q

____ codons total

A

64

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4
Q

Genetic code always read

A

5’-3’

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5
Q

Stop codons are

A

UAG, UGA and UAA

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6
Q

___ codons code for AA

A

61

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7
Q

Characteristics of the genetic code

A

Specificity, Universality, Degeneracy, Nonoverlapping

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8
Q

Codon always codes for a ____

A

specific amino acid

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9
Q

Multiple codons codr for same

A

AA

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10
Q

Code read as _____ sequence from start to stop

A

continuous

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11
Q

1 nucleotide in codon is changed, but still codes for same AA

A

silent mutation

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12
Q

change in 1 nucleotide codes for a different AA

A

Missense Mutation

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13
Q

Change in 1 nucleotide codes for stop codon instead

A

Nonsense Mutation

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14
Q

This may change characteristics of resulting protein

A

missense mutation

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15
Q

sickle cell anemia is an example of

A

missense mutation

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16
Q

causes truncated proteins

A

nonsense mutation

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17
Q

3 base units repeated in tandem may be amplified. Too many repeats are added, so final protein has extra copies of AA.

A

Trinucleotide repeat expansion

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18
Q

mutations may alter where/how introns are removed from pre-mRNA

A

splice site mutations

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19
Q

Addition or removal of 1 or 2 bases causes a shift in the reading frame.

A

frame-shift mutations

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20
Q

With frame-shift mutations, if 3 bases are lost, protein is missing what?

A

AA

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21
Q

Cystic fibrosis is missing what?

A

phenylalanine (frame-shift mutation)

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22
Q

Ribosomes contain 3 binding sites for tRNA

A

A-site
P-site
E-site

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23
Q

A-site =

A

binds aminoacyl-tRNA

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24
Q

P-site =

A

contains peptidyl - tRNA

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25
Q

E-site =

A

contains empty tRNA as it exits ribosome

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26
Q

synthesize proteins for cytosol, nucleus, mitochondria and peroxisomes

A

free ribosomes

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27
Q

synthesize proteins for ER, golgi complex, lysosomes, or exported from cell

28
Q

Eukaryotes contain ____ ribosomes

A

80s (60s/40s)

29
Q

carry specific AA & recognize codon for that AA

A

adapter molecule

30
Q

____ tRNA in humans

31
Q

tRNA uses ___ to attach AA

32
Q

mRNA read

A

5’ - 3’

33
Q

____ is flipped 3’-5’ to pair, but always written 5’=3’

34
Q

The ability for tRNA to recognize multiple codons for single AA is known as?

A

Wobble Hypothesis

35
Q

In the Wobble hypothesis, the first base in anticodon can pair with different basses in….

A

third position of codon

36
Q

Wobble hypothesis is the reason why we have ___ tRNAs to read ____ codons

37
Q

this step in translation is the assembly of translation system: ribosomal subunits, mRNA, aminoacyl-tRNA for first codon, energy,

A

Initiation

38
Q

Initiation codon =

39
Q

AUG codes for

A

methionine

40
Q

Elongation: 1. additon of AA to ____ end of growing chain

41
Q

Elongation: 2. Ribosomes move from ____ end of ___

A

5’-3’ end of mRNA

42
Q

Elongation: 3. Next AA to be translated is brought to ___ of ribosome by ____

A

A-site, tRNA

43
Q

Elongation: 4. Peptide bonds are formed by _____-____

A

peptidyl-transferase (type of rRNA in 60s subunit)

44
Q

Elongation: 5. Ribosome is ____ to next codon after addition of ___.
This step requires ____
Unchanged tRNA moves to ___ before release.

A

translocated
AA
GTP
E-site

45
Q

Termination: When UAA, UAG or ____ reaches the A-site of the ribosome a release factor controls release of ____ ____, _____ and ____

A

UGA
Polypeptide chain
Ribosome
tRNA

46
Q

Inhibits initiation and causes misreading

A

Streptomycin (antibiotics and protein synthesis)

47
Q

Binds to 30s subunit and prohibits aminoacyl-tRNAs from binding

A

Tetracycline (antibiotics and protein synthesis)

48
Q

Binds to 50s subunit and inhibits translocation

A

Erythromycin (antibiotics and protein synthesis)

49
Q

compounds are bonded onto the protein =

A

covalently modified

50
Q

this can occur while they are still attached to ribosome or after completion

A

posttranslational modification of proteins

51
Q

With trimming, proteins secreted from cell are not ____ until part of the ____ is removed

A

functional, protein

52
Q

Posttranslational modifications of proteins, with trimming uses

53
Q

Trimming in cell happens where?

A

ER, golgi complex

54
Q

Pancreatic zymogens are trimmed

A

after secretion

55
Q

With covalent modifications, addition of phosphate to serine & threonine is called

A

phosphorylation

56
Q

Covalent modifications with phosphorylation, proteins are catalyzed by protein ____ and reversed by _____

A

kinases and phosphatases

57
Q

____ addition of sugars (carbs) yielding _____

A

glycoslyation, glycoproteins

58
Q

____= bound to hydroxyl of serine or threonine

59
Q

____ = bound to amide of asparagine

60
Q

Glycosylation occurs in ___ and/or ___

A

golgi complex and/or ER

61
Q

Glycosylation makes proteins more ____

A

specific (recognition sites)

62
Q

This is the addition of +OH group to proline and lysine in collagen

A

Hydroxylation

63
Q

Hydroxylation requires what?

64
Q

_____ is required for coboxylation of proteins in clotting and bone formation

65
Q

This occurs on lysine in histones

A

Acetylation

66
Q

Often hydroxylated ____ (_____) has a sugar attached to it in collagen

A

Lysine (hydroxylysine)

Palmer Cell Phys - Ward (6 decks)

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