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Palmer Cell Phys - Ward > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

Chap 1-5, 13

1
Q

Totipotent

A

potential of a single cell to develop into an entire organism (stem cell)

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2
Q

Pluripotent

A

ability to develop into all cell types of the body, but not supporting structures (placenta, amnion, etc) [stem cell]

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3
Q

Multipotent

A

ability to give rise to a small number of different cell types (stem cell)

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4
Q

Unipotent

A

capacity to give rise to a single cell type

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5
Q

Where do you find pluripotent stem cells?

A

found in early embryos

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6
Q

Which stem cells are you more likely to find in adults?

A

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (IPSC) - Adult stem cells that are reprogrammed to embryonic state

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7
Q

What are some examples of cells that can develop from hematopoietic stem cells?

A

blood cells: RRC’s, B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, natural killer cells, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, macrophages, platelets

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8
Q

What are progenitor cells?

A

are early descendants of stem cells that can differentiate to form one or more kinds of cells, but cannot divide and reproduce indefinitely. They are often more limited than a stem cell in the kinds of cells it can become.

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9
Q

Asymmetric vs Symmetric cell division?

A

An asymmetric cell division produces two daughter cells with different cellular fates. This is in contrast to symmetric cell divisions which give rise to daughter cells of equivalent fates. (Stem cell > stem cell / differential cell) vs. (stem cell > 2 stem cells or stem cell > 2 differential cell)

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10
Q

_______ of ______ cell divison leads to cancer

A

dysregulation, asymmetric

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11
Q

What are proteoglycans made of?

A

Masses of GAGs and protein

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12
Q

What are GAGs

A

Glycosaminoglycans (disaccharides of acidic sugar and amino sugar)

“sulfated” glycosaminoglycans - dermatan, chondroitin, keratan, and heparan

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13
Q

What impact does the negative structure of GAGs have on its function?

A

Attracts water but repulses other GAGs (this is what gives it the “bottle brush” structure)

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14
Q

What is the difference between a proteoglycan monomer and aggregate?

A

Monomer: protein core with GAGs attached to it (except hyaluronic acid), repulsion of GAGs causes it to have “bottle brush” appearance

Aggregate: protein core with hyaluronic acid

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15
Q

Where are proteoglycans located in the body?

A

mucus and synovial fluid

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16
Q

How is collagen assembled (in general)?

A

“chains” of repeating amino acids
note: need for Vitamin C
three chains form helix, exocytose to exterior of cell
assembled into fibrils

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17
Q

How might collagen be organized in skin vs. tendons?

A

Multi-directional in skin, to stretch in different directions. Stretch in one direction in tendons in muscles attached to bones

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18
Q

There is ____ ECM in epithelial cells

A

little

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19
Q

Epithelial tissue is also known as ______ or ______

A

basement membrane, basal lamina

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20
Q

What separates epithelial cells from connective tissue

A

Basement membrane

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21
Q

Components of ECM

A

Proteoglycans, fibrous proteins and adhesive proteins

22
Q

Types of fibrous proteins in ECM

A

collagen, elastin

23
Q

Fibrous proteins provide ____, and are made up of _____.

A

structure, amino acids

24
Q

Collagen type I

A

most abundant, located in bones, skin and tendons (also, found in scar tissue)

25
Q

Collagen type II

A

location: hyaline cartilage

body specific location: end of ribs, larynx, trachea and bronchi, & articular surface of bone

26
Q

Collagen type III

A

made during wound healing

location: artery walls, intestine and uterus

27
Q

collagen type IV

A

component for filtration in kidneys

location: basement membrane and eye lens

28
Q

Collagen gets attacked by ______

A

free radicals

29
Q

Collagen vs. Elastin

A

Collagen: resist force, different types vary for structural role, ECM function- support and strength

Elastin: rubber-like connective tissue (stretch and relax without ripping)

30
Q

Fibrous proteins and disease

A 
Scurvy
osteogenesis imperfecta
Ehlers - Danlos syndrome
Marfan syndrome
a1 - Antitrypsin deficiency
31
Q

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

A

“brittle bone”
inherited (mutation in collagen gene which causes decreased synthesis)
Type 1 (most common)
type 2 (lethal around birth)

32
Q

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

A

genetic defect of fibril collagen (defect in structure, synthesis or processing)
6-types (all affect joints and some affect skin)

33
Q

Marfan Syndrom

A

Autosomal dominant (mutation in gene necessary for ELASTIN)

34
Q

a1 - Antitrypsin Deficiency

A

WBC in lungs elastase (Elastase digest elastin & is inhibited by the protein a1 - Antitrypsin)

35
Q

a1 - Antitrypsin Deficiency

A

WBC in lungs elastase (Elastase digest elastin & is inhibited by the protein a1 - Antitrypsin)

36
Q

Which cell junction and proteins seals epithelial cells together?

A

tight junctions (also prevents leakage [prevents leaky gut])

37
Q

What do integrins bind to for cell-cell or cell-ECM interactions?

A

Ligands (molecule that binds to another molecule)
cell to cell: binds to members of the immunoglobulin superfamily
cell to ECM: binds to arginine-glycine-aspartic acid residue in collagen and fibronectin (or may bind to laminin)

38
Q

What it the main adhesive protein in epithelial tissue?

A

Laminin

39
Q

• What is the main adhesive protein in connective tissue?

A

Fibronectin

40
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

anchors filaments between cells

41
Q

Which cell junction protein joins cells by binding actin bundles?

A

Adherens

42
Q

Which cell junction and proteins are involved with anchoring to the basement membrane?

A

Hemidesmosomes

43
Q

How are adhesion molecules related to cancer?

A

involved with the progression of cancer and metastasis

E-cadherin activity is lost in most epithelial tumors

44
Q

How are adhesion molecules related to leukocyte?

A

Genetic defect
results in recurrent bacterial infections
most cases do not live past 2 years old

45
Q

How are adhesion molecules related to pemphigoid?

A

Autoimmune condition, causes disruption of cadherin cell-cell adhesion, and gets a lot of blistering because epidermal cells are not allowed to adhere to one another

46
Q

Which molecules are overexpressed during asthma?

A

increased ICAM-1 expression, causes excessive migration of WBC to respiratory tract, leads to chronic inflammation

47
Q

Which molecules are overexpressed during rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Autoimmune disease, bone cells overexpress adhesion molecules (integrin LFA-1 & ICAM-2), increased leukocyte adhesion which causes synovial inflammation

48
Q

What does selectin do?

A

-Short term
-cell to cell adhesions
Functions: mediate WBC migration to areas of inflammation and important for the immune system

Selectin on one cell binds to lectin on another cell

49
Q

What is extravasation?

A

Migration of cells from circulation into the tissue

50
Q

How are cell adhesion molecules involved in the 4 steps of extravasation?

A
  1. Selectin on the WBC (leukocyte) binds to ligand (immunoglobulin superfamily) on the surface of the endothelial cell causing rolling of leukocyte along endothelium of blood vessel
  2. activation of an integrin on the leukocyte
  3. integrin can bind to its ligand on the endothelium. This is firm arrest
  4. Diapedesis = movement of the leukocyte through the endothelial layer

Palmer Cell Phys - Ward (6 decks)

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