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Palmer Cell Phys - Ward > Eukaryotic Genome_Exam 3 > Flashcards

Eukaryotic Genome_Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Every cell with a nucleus contains the same _____

A

genome

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2
Q

Only specific genes are ____ in each cell

A

expressed

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3
Q

_____ genes are encoded by DNA in the Nucleus

A

21,000

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4
Q

Nucleus contains information from ____ & ____

A

mother/father

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5
Q

In the Human genome; the mitochondria has how many genes?

A

37

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6
Q

Nitrogenous base =

A

Purine or pyrimidine

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7
Q

Guanine and Adenine for both DNA and RNA

A

Purines

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8
Q

Thymine and cytosine for DNA; Uracil and Cytosine for RNA

A

pyrimidines

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9
Q

Nucleoside =

A

Base +Sugar

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10
Q

Base + Sugar + Phosphate =

A

Nucleotide

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11
Q

DNA building blocks are made of what 4 bases?

A

2 purines: A,G

2 pyrimidines: C, T

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12
Q

DNA building blocks are held together by ?

A

complementary pairing

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13
Q

DNA building blocks are the backbone of _____

A

Deoxyribose (5 carbon sugar)

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14
Q

Eukaryotic DNA with unique DNA sequence (genes) they encode for?

A

proteins

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15
Q

Eukaryotic DNA > repeat sequences > Dispersed repetitive > ___ & ____

A

LINES / SINES

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16
Q

Eukaryotic DNA > repeat sequences > Satellite DNA > ___ ____ ____

A

Alpha (171 bp)
Mini (20 - 70 bp)
micro (2-4 bp)

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17
Q

Genes are the complete sequence region necessary for what?

A

generating a product

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18
Q

Genes are located in ____ & in _____

A

chromosomes & in mitochondria

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19
Q

Genes contain ___ and ____ regions

A

promoters & control regions

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20
Q

Euchromatin =

A

loosely packed

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21
Q

Densely packed regions where chromosomes are stored that are genetically inactive?

A

Heterochromatin

22
Q

Euchromatin is _____ active, and gene sequence available to ____ ____

A

Transcriptionally; RNA polymerases

23
Q

DNA repeats at chromosome ends that protect it from degradation, this structure is called what?

A

Telomere

24
Q

This structure, attached during mitotic (M phase) of cell cycle

A

Centromere

25
Q

Number of chromosome copies in a cell =

A

ploidy

26
Q

Most cells in the body are ___-

A

diploid

27
Q

Germ cells (____ & ____) are ____ (1 copy)

A

sperm & oocytes; are haploid

28
Q

Haploid genome has ____ bp

A

3 billion

29
Q

haploid genome has ___ chromosomes (__ somatic, __ sex)

A

23, 22, 1

30
Q

Haploid genome has enough DNA to code for ____ genes

A

1.5 million genes

31
Q

Haploid genome really only codes for about ____ - ____ genes

A

20,000 - 25,000

32
Q

____ - collection of all proteins expressed by organism, much larger number than protein encoding genes

A

proteome

33
Q

___ - influence mRNA expression

A

microRNAs

34
Q

_____ - Alternative splicing of mRNA

A

posttranscriptional modifications

35
Q

____ - acetylation of histone proteins

A

histone acetylation

36
Q

____ - methylation of cytosine residues in DNA

A

DNA methylation

37
Q

These are Arginine & lysine - rich basic proteins. They have positive charge on AA that helps bind to negative charge on DNA sugar phosphate

A

Histones

38
Q

Acetylation of lysine weakens _____ which make it easier for ____ factors to access

A

DNA-histone interaction; transcription

39
Q

Acetylation/Deactylation of lysine occurs by what?

A

Histone acetyl transferases (HATs)

40
Q

This makes interactions tighter & is associated with gene silencing

A

Histone deacetylase (HDAC)

41
Q

Hypomethylation - genes are ____

A

on

42
Q

hypermethylation - genes are ____

A

off

43
Q

Acetylation histones gene expression is ____

A

on

44
Q

Deacetylation histones gene expression is ___

A

off

45
Q

Epigenetics: stable changes to a gene structure, without changing what?

A

DNA sequence

46
Q

Epigenetics ____ gene expression

A

alter

47
Q

Alterations in gene expression due to epigenetics can be what?

A

passed down through generations (genetic imprinting)

48
Q

Epigenetics are controlled by what?

A
  • methylation of cytosines

- tissue - specific chromatin alterations (acetylation)

49
Q

____ are influenced by what you eat

A

epigenetics

50
Q

____ ____ during pregnancy impacts gene expression

A

food consumption

Palmer Cell Phys - Ward (6 decks)

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