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Palmer Cell Phys - Ward > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

Chapters 13 - 15 (no chapters 17-19

1
Q

Plasma membrane is

A

selectively permeable

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2
Q

Proteins in plasma membrane:

A

Ion channels
transporters
pumps

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3
Q

Movement with concentration gradient =

A

passive diffusion

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4
Q

movement against concentration gradient =

A

active transport

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5
Q

Facilitated diffusion has to what?

A

Bind to a receptor

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6
Q

Active transport uses what?

A

energry

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7
Q

Random movement powered by concentration gradient

A

diffusion

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8
Q

Diffusion is moving toward

A

equilibrium

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9
Q

Diffusion of 1 substances does not interfere with what?

A

diffusion of another substance in the same solution

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10
Q

Net movement of diffusion depends on what?

A

1) concentration gradient
2) particle size
3) permeability of the compound in the barrier it is trying to cross

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11
Q

The two types of diffusion are?

A
  1. simple/passive

2. facilitated

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12
Q

Simple/passive diffusion requires a carrier protein. (T/F)

A

False (no carrier protein interaction)

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13
Q

Facilitated diffusion requires what?

A

A carrier protein

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14
Q

What type of diffusion can use pores or channels?

A

Simple/passive diffusion

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15
Q

This type of diffusion binding occurs.

A

Facilitated Diffusion

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16
Q

Diffusion of lipid-soluble molecules through a lipid bilayer depends on?

A

lipid solubility

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17
Q

What molecules are highly lipid soluble & able to diffuse through lipid bilayer?

A

O2, N2, CO2, alcohols

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18
Q

Rate of diffusion is dependent on what?

A

The degree of lipid solubility

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19
Q

Pore channels are available for what?

A

small molecules to pass through

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20
Q

_____ ______ and _____ ______ on amino acids determines selectivity of passage.

A

Pore diameter & electrical charges

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21
Q

Two types of gating of protein channels?

A

Voltage gating and chemical gating

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22
Q

Sodium channels & potassium channels open when?
&
This is an example of what type of gating?

A

Inside cell membrane becomes positively charged

Voltage gating

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23
Q

With chemical gating what may open or close the gate?

A

Binding a molecule

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24
Q

Also known as carrier-mediated diffusion

A

facilitated diffusion

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25
Q

Facilitated diffusion transport proteins sometimes called

A

permeases

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26
Q

Each carrier protein has a specific ____ for ____ a molecule

A

affinity, binding

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27
Q

The affinity for binding a molecule is measured by

A

Km

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28
Q

Facilitated diffusion can max out _____ if all available transport proteins are ____ to substrates

A

transporters, bound

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29
Q

Vmax is?

A

When transporters are maxed out

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30
Q

Addition of more substrate (solute) will not make facilitated diffusion go faster when it is maxed out of transporters. (T/F?)

A

True

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31
Q

When Vmax occurs carrier proteins are

A

saturated

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32
Q

Facilitated diffusion deals with movement of ____ and most ____ ___

A

glucose, amino acids

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33
Q

Rate of solute transport is measured by?

A

1/2 Vmax

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34
Q

Km =

A

solute concentration that will give 1/2 Vmax

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35
Q

Saturation of carrier protein reflected by leveling off of rate of transport is the?

A

Vmax

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36
Q

What is the transfer of liquid through a semipermeable membrane that does not allow solutes to pass?

A

Osmosis

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37
Q

With osmosis, water passes through _____ (____ ___) in plasma membranes

A

aquaporins (water pores)

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38
Q

Osmoses moves from ____ concentration to ___ concentration.

A

high, low

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39
Q

Net movement of water is?

A

Usually zero

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40
Q

Changes in solute concentration does not impact water movement (T/F)

A

False

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41
Q

Net movement of water occurs to area of ____ free water

A

less (higher concentration of solute)

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42
Q

Goal of osmosis is what?

A

Equalize concentration of solutes on both sides of barrier

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43
Q

Pressure applied to stop the flow of water to side of highest solute concentration is known as?

A

Osmotic pressure aka hydrostatic pressure

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44
Q

The hydrostatic pressure is the pressure applied to the ____ to ___ the flow of water

A

chamber, stop

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45
Q

Lower solute concentration ____ osmotic pressure

A

lower

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46
Q

What causes osmotic pressure differences on each side of the barrier?

A

differences in solute concentration

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47
Q

When the osmotic pressure is the same in the inside & outside of the cell?

A

isotonic

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48
Q

In relation to cell volume, hypotonic does what?

A
  1. osmotic pressure is greater in cytosol
  2. movement of water into the cell
  3. increases cell volume
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49
Q

In relation to cell volume, hypertonic does what?

A
  1. osmotic pressure is greater in extracellular fluid
  2. movement of water out of the cell
  3. cell will shrink
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50
Q

Isotonic, no volume change (T/F)

A

True

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51
Q

Hypotonic, cell volume ____ & may ____

A

increases, burst

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52
Q

Hypertonic cell volume increases (T/F)

A

False

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53
Q

Effects of solutions on cells: Cells with a cell wall that are hypertonic are _____?

A

plasmolyzed

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54
Q

Effects of solutions on cells: Cells with a cell wall that are isotonic are _____?

A

flaccid

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55
Q

Effects of solutions on cells: Cells with a cell wall that are hypotonic are _____?

A

turgid

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56
Q

Intracellular fluids primary cation

A

K+

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57
Q

Extracellular fluids primary cation

A

Na+

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58
Q

There is more what in intracellular fluid vs. extracellular fluid?

A

K+, Mg2+, Phospates, Amino acids and proteins

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59
Q

Intracellular fluid pH =

A

7.0

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60
Q

Intracellular fluid buffer

A

proteins

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61
Q

There is more what in extracellular fluid vs. intracellular fluid?

A

Na+, Ca2+, Cl- and glucose

62
Q

Extracellular fluid pH =

A

7.4

63
Q

Extracellular fluid buffer

A

HCO3

64
Q

Active transport requires energry as ____ in primary active transport

A

ATP

65
Q

Carrier protein in Active transport is necessary, called _____ in primary active transport

A

ATPases

66
Q

The movement of ions makes ion gradient powering what?

A

secondary active transport

67
Q

Types of active transport?

A

Primary & Secondary

68
Q

Primary active transport pumps: P-class

A

Ions (Na+, K+, Ca^2+, H+)

ex. sodium-potassium ATPase

69
Q

Primary active transport pumps: F-class

A

Protons (H+)

ex. ATP synthase in mitochondria

70
Q

Primary active transport pumps: V-class

A

Protons (H+)

Maintains low pH in lysosomes

71
Q

Primary active transport pumps: ABC-class

A

Ions, drugs

Ex. cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR)

72
Q

Important feature for sodium-potassium pump it to ____ ____ ____

A

control cell volume

73
Q

Without the ___ pump the cell would swell until it burst

A

sodium-potassium pump

74
Q

2 subunit carrier protein for sodium-potassium pump?

A

a & b

75
Q

___ binding sites for sodium on the inside of the cell

A

3

76
Q

___ binding sites for potassium on the outside of the cell

A

2

77
Q

Inside the cell near Na+ binding has _____ activity

A

ATPase

78
Q

Highly active cells (nerves) may devote 60-70% of cells’ energy to what?

A

sodium-potassium pump

79
Q

___ is maintained at very low concentration in cytosol

A

calcium

80
Q

2 types of Ca pumps?

A

1 located in the cell membrane & pumps Ca out of the cell

1 pumps Ca into endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria

81
Q

Both Ca pumps act as?

A

ATPases

82
Q

Hydrogen pumps (aka proton pumps) are located in?

A

Parietal cells of gastric glands in stomach

renal tubules

83
Q

Parietal cells of gastric glands in stomach….

A

secretes H+ that can combine with secreted Cl- to form HCL in stomach

84
Q

Renal tubules functions:

A

Large amounts of H+ are secreted from the blood into the urine

Has a buffering function

85
Q

Secondary active transport is broken up into?

A

Co-transport (symporters)

Counter-transport
antiporters

86
Q

Secondary active transport is not driven by ____, but instead by what?

A

ATP, Ion concentration gradient

87
Q

Secondary active transport: transporters do not have what?

A

ATPase activity

88
Q

Coupled transport includes?

A

symporters and antiporters

89
Q

This, transports molecules in the same direction across plasma membrane

A

symporters

90
Q

With symporters, Molecule 1 is move with the gradient [high to low] (T/F)

A

True

91
Q

Symporters, molecule 2 is actively transporters _____ the concentration gradient

A

against (low to hight)

92
Q

(Sodium-glucose transporter) Glucose is actively taken up from

A

gut

93
Q

(Sodium-glucose transporter) Glucose is passively released for use by

A

other tissues

94
Q

Step 1. active transport

A

Sodium binds carrier protein

95
Q

Step 2. active transport

A

Compound binds carrier protein

96
Q

Step 3 active transport

A

carrier protein releases sodium & compound inside enterocyte

97
Q

Step 4: active transport

A

Sodium is pumped out of enterocyte and potassium is pumped in using ATP

98
Q

Antiporters transport molecules in the ______ direction across plasma membrane

A

opposite

99
Q

Antiporters: Molecule 1 is moved against the gradient (high to low) into the cell (T/F)

A

False (moved with)

100
Q

Antiporters: Molecule 2 is what?

A

moved out of the cell

101
Q

Co-transport uses

A

glucose and amino acids

102
Q

counter-transport uses

A

calcium and hydrogen

103
Q

All P-class pumps are phosphorylated on

A

aspartate

104
Q

V-class pumps maintain what?

A

low pH in lysosomes

105
Q

Glucose transport occurs by ____ ____ through most of the body & ____ ____ ____ in small intestine & kidneys

A

facilitated diffusion, secondary active transport

106
Q

Active transport of glucose is used when?

A

Glucose concentration in cell is higher than extracellular space

107
Q

A type of secondary active transport?

A

Sodium-glucose transport proteins (SGLT)

108
Q

Where does active transport of glucose happen?

A

Choroid plexus

Proximal tubules of kidney

brush border epithelial cells of the small intestine

109
Q

GLUTs transport glucose from ___ to ___ concentration

A

high, low

110
Q

Facilitated transport of glucose: rate of transport varies based on:

A

Glucose available & number GLUT proteins

111
Q

Facilitated transport of glucose: is able to transport…

A

both directions across membranes

112
Q

GLUT2 transports

A

glucose, galactose & fructose out of the cell & into the portal blood

113
Q

Insulin-Insensitive facilitated transport of glucose is found in ____ ____

A

most tissues

114
Q

Insulin-insensitive facilitated transport of glucose requires…

A

concentration gradient of glucose

115
Q

Insulin-insensitive facilitated transport of glucose uses

A

GLUT 1, 2, & 3

116
Q

Insulin-insensitive facilitated transport of glucose is found in

A

RBC, WBC, liver, brain cells, etc.

117
Q

Insulin-sensitive facilitated transport of glucose is found in

A

skeletal muscle, adipose tissue

118
Q

Insulin-sensitive facilitated transport of glucose uses

A

GLUT 4

119
Q

Peptide hormone secreted from the ___ of the islets of langerhans in the pancreas

A

B cells

120
Q

Insulin is secreted in response to

A

glucose & amino acids in the blood

121
Q

Insulin is inhibited by

A

epinephrine

122
Q

How many GLUTs are there, and how many are involved with glucose transport?

A

14, 11

123
Q

Insulinotropic amino acids

A

leucine, phenylalanin, tyrosine, arginine

124
Q

Required to get glucose out of blood and into muscle and/or adipose tissue

A

Insulin

125
Q

Insulin transports glucose, amino acids, and ____ into insulin-sensitive cells

A

potassium

126
Q

Anabolic function of insulin?

A

Increases stores of carbs (glycogen), fat (adipose tissue) and protein (muscle)

127
Q

Within minutes insulin stimulates

A

Protein synthesis, stimulates glycolysis and glyocogen synthesis, inhibites phospohorylase and glucogenic enzymes

128
Q

Effects of insulin on Adipose tissue (increases)

A
  • glucose entry
  • fatty acid synthesis
  • glycerol phosphate synthesis
  • tryglyceride deposition
  • activation of lipoprotein lipase,
  • K+ uptake.
129
Q

Effects of insulin on adipose tissue (decreases)

A

hormone-sensitive lipase

130
Q

Effects of insulin on muscle tissues: (increases)

A
  • glucose entry
  • glycogen synthesis
  • amino acid uptake
  • protein synthesis
  • ketone uptake
  • K+ uptake
131
Q

Effects of insulin on muscle: (decreases)

A
  • protein breakdown

- release of glucogenic amino acids

132
Q

Effects of insulin on liver tissues: (increases)

A
  • lipid synthesis

- protein synthesis

133
Q

Effects of insulin on liver tissues: (decreases)

A

ketogenesis and glucose output

134
Q

GLUT2 located in

A

pancreatic beta cells

135
Q

GLUT2 is in charge of

A

releasing insulin to blood

136
Q

GLUT2 has ____ affinity for glucose

A

low

137
Q

Normal blood glucose is

A

5mM

138
Q

Insulin is not secreted until blood glucose is

A

> 5 mM

139
Q

Muscle: Insulin binds to

A

insulin receptor

140
Q

Muscle: Insulin receptor ____ get recruited to the receptor

A

substrate 1 (IRS-1)

141
Q

Muscle: IRS-1 begins a signal transduction cascade to tell ____ to make ____

A

golgi complex, GLUT4

142
Q

Muscle: GLUT4 is translocated from golgi complex to the….

A

plasma membrane

143
Q

Muscle: Glucose is able to enter muscle and ____ for use or storage

A

adipocytes

144
Q

Muscle: once insulin levels decrease, GLUT4 are removed from plasma membrane by ____

A

endocytosis

145
Q

Muscle: Vesicles fuse to form an organelle celled the ____

A

endosome

146
Q

Type I diabetes

A

beta cells are destroyed (no insulin is released)

147
Q

treatment for type I diabetes

A

exogenous insulin

148
Q

type II diabetes

A
  • insulin resistance

- insulin regulation of GLUT2 does not function in insulin-resistance

149
Q

type II diabetes treatment

A

can be reversed with diet and exercise

150
Q

Insulin resistant muscle cell, excess inflammation (C-reactive protein [CRP]) abnormally ______ IRS-1 causing it not to signal properly

A

phosphorylates

151
Q

Intestinal apical GLUT2 diabetes

A

insulin resistance due to high carb or high saturated fat diet. This leads to increase in GLUT2 and loss of insulin regulation

Palmer Cell Phys - Ward (6 decks)

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