Translation

Question 1

What are nucleotides that encode an amino acid?

Answer 1

codon (mRNA is read in a series of 3 nucleotide called codons)

Question 2

How many nucleotides encode an amino acid?

Answer 2

3

Question 3

Is the code overlapping or non-overlapping?

Answer 3

non-overlapping

Question 4

the code has no _________, it is read sequentially and continuously.

Answer 4

punctuation

Question 5

What is the “code?”

Answer 5

genetic code

Question 6

How is the code read?

Answer 6

5’ to 3’ direction (synthesizing proteins in an N terminus to c terminus direction)

Question 7

Is the code generate or degenerate?

Answer 7

degenerate

Question 8

Amino acids are coded by more than one ______.

Answer 8

codon (multiple codon sequences for the same amino acid)

Question 9

What is the key element of translation?

Answer 9

tRNA (Transfer RNA)

Question 10

What is the function of tRNA?

Answer 10

adapter molecule b/t codon and specified amino acid

Question 11

How many ribonucleotides are in tRNA?

Answer 11

are in tRNA

Question 12

How are tRNA shaped?

Answer 12

L-shaped/clover leaf pattern

Question 13

tRNA contains many “usual” derivatives (methylated, dimethylated, deaminated) of what four bases?

Answer 13

A, U, c, and G

Question 14

5’ terminus end on tRNA is ________.

Answer 14

phosphorylated

Question 15

What is the “acceptor stem” of tRNA?

Answer 15

1. 3’-ccA terminus (cytosine, cytosine, adenine)

2. Site of Amino Acid attachment

Question 16

What happens at the acceptor stem?

Answer 16

1. Amino acid gets copied to tRNA

2. tRNA then brings it to a ribosome

Question 17

What is the purpose of the anti-codon loop?

Answer 17

Recognize, through base pair interactions, the codon

Question 18

What is the attachment of the amino acid to tRNA catalyzed by?

Answer 18

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

Question 19

Are aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases specfic to the amino acid?

Answer 19

Yes

Question 20

What are aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases responsible for?

Answer 20

1. recognizing the anti-codon loop
2. Selecting correct amino acid
3. attaching amino acid

Question 21

How does aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases attach the amino acid?

Answer 21

1. Formation of aminoacyl-adenylate
by the attachment of high-energy
bond from ATP to the amino acid. 
2. Transfer of aminoacyl group to
specific tRNA matching the correct
amino acid to the correct tRNA
(anti-codon).

Question 22

What are two characteristics of ribosomes?

Answer 22

1. Bacterial

2. 70S

Question 23

What do ribonucleic proteins contain?

Answer 23

protein and RNA

Question 24

What are characteristics of the large subunit of ribosomes?

Answer 24

1. 50S
2. 34 different proteins
3. 2 molecules of RNA

Question 25

What are characteristics of the small subunit of ribosomes?

Answer 25

1. 30S
2. 21 different proteins
3. One RNA molecule

Question 26

What direction does translation occur on mRNA?

Answer 26

5’ to 3’ direction

Question 27

How are proteins synthesized in ribosomes?

Answer 27

amino to carboxyl terminus direction