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Foundations 1 > Translation > Flashcards

Translation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

A

DNA replicates into DNA
DNA is transcribed into RNA
RNA is translated into proteins

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2
Q

What is the genetic code?

A

Ribonucleotide language on mRNA

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3
Q

What is the role of tRNA?

A

Interprets mRNA code in AA by its anticodon loop

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4
Q

What are the three stop codons?

A

UAA
UGA
UAG

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5
Q

What is the start codon and what does it code for?

A

AUG

Methionine

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6
Q

What are the four properties of the genetic code?

A

Universal
Unambiguous
Degenerate/redundant
Non-overlapping and continuous

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7
Q

What is the open reading frame?

A

Genetic code from start codon to stop codon

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8
Q

What are the 5 mutations in nucleotide sequence?

A

Base substitution/point mutations
Frame shift mutations
Splice site mutations
Trinucleotide repeat expansion
Large segment deletion

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9
Q

What are the three point mutations?

A

Silent
Missense
Nonsense

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10
Q

What is a silent mutation?

A

Same AA

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11
Q

What is a missense mutation?

A

Different AA

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12
Q

What is a nonsense mutation?

A

Premature stop codon

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13
Q

What is a frame shift mutation?

A

Deletion or insertion of 1-2 nucleotides
OR
Deletion of insertion of 3 nucleotides

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14
Q

What are the requirements of translation?

A

mRNA
AAs
tRNA
Ribosomes
Translation factors
Energy

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15
Q

How does AA attach to tRNA?

A

Attaches to CCA at 3’ end

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16
Q

What is the wobble hypothesis?

A

Many tRNAs can pair to same codon as last nucleotide of codon (first in tRNA) is in a wobble position

17
Q

What is the function of the small subunit of ribosomes?

A

Binds to mRNA
Correct base-pairing between codon and anticodon

18
Q

What is the function of the large ribosomal subunit?

A

Catalytic peptidyl transferase activity of 23S rRNA in prokaryotes and 28s in eukaryotes - peptide bond formation

19
Q

What are the three binding sites for tRNA and their functions?

A

A - accepts new tRNA and matches to codon
P - formation of peptide bonds
E - exit site

20
Q

What are the translation factors?

A

Initiation factors (IFs)
Elongation factors (EFs)
Termination Factors (RFs)

21
Q

What is used for energy in translation?

A

GTP
ATP

22
Q

What are the 4 steps of translation?

A

Preinitiation
Initiation
Elongation
Termination

23
Q

What does polycistronic mean?

A

Multiple coding regions on one mRNA seen in prokaryotes

24
Q

What does monocistronic mean?

A

One coding region on mRNA - only option in eukaryotes

25
Q

What is pre-initiation and its energy requirements?

A

Activation of AA - aminoacylated tRNA
Two high energy bonds from ATP

26
Q

What is initiation?

A

mRNA and met-tRNA bind to ribosome
Formyl added to met-tRNA in prokaryotes at start codon only

27
Q

What is elongation in translation?

A

Successive cycles of active tRNA binding and peptide bond formation until stop codon is reached

28
Q

What is termination?

A

Once stop codon is reached, mRNA and tRNA dissociate, ribosome subunits are recycled

29
Q

What is the Shine-Dalgarno sequence?

A

Initiation site in prokaryotes upstream of start codon that binds to 16S rRNA of small subunit
Is then bound with IFs

30
Q

How many and what type of energy bonds are required for translation in prokaryotes?

A

2 ATP
2 GTP
+1 GTP for termination

Extra needed in eukaryotes

31
Q

Where to the products go from translation on free ribosomes?

A

Nucleus
Mitochondria
Peroxisomes
Stay in cytosol

32
Q

Where to the products go from translation on rER?

A

Exported from cell
Plasma membrane
Lysosomes

33
Q

What is the signal for translation in eukaryotes?

A

Kozak sequence - ACCAUGG

34
Q

What is the function of eIF4?

A

Binds to the 5’ cap of mRNA which allows preinitiation complex to bind forming initiation complex

35
Q

How are proteins folded?

A

By chaperones, concurrent with translation
Misfolded proteins are either refolded are degraded

36
Q

What is the function of protein targeting and how does it work?

A

Specific AA sequences direct proteins
Secretory or non-secretory paths to destinations

37
Q

What is added to proteins destined for lysosome?

A

M6P

38
Q

What are some inhibitors of prokaryotic protein synthesis?

A

Streptomycin
Neomycin
Puromycin
Chloramphenicol
Erythromycin

39
Q

What are some inhibitors of eukaryotic protein synthesis?

A

Diphtheria toxin
Pseudomonas
Ricin
Cycloheximide
Shiga and shiga-like toxin

Foundations 1 (28 decks)

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