Transition to the Medieval Church

Question 1

1. According to Ferguson, broadly speaking, what was the Medieval Church built up from in terms of its:
   a. Culture?
   b. Customs?
   c. Theology?
   d. Church Polity?

Answer 1

a. The later Roman Empire (especially roman lit, law and governmental insitutions)
b. Germanic peoples
c. Faith and practices
d. (specifically the theology of Augustine and the preeminence of the papacy)

Question 2

2. What does Ferguson say that, broadly speaking, the Byzantine civilization was built up from in terms of its:
   a. Culture?
   b. Institutions?
   c. Customs?

Answer 2

a. Ancient Greece
b. Roman State
c. Hellenized peoples of the Near East and Christianity

Question 3

4. In terms of invasions, who were the groups that invaded territory of the old Western Roman Empire?

Answer 3

5th c. - Germanics
6th c. – Mongol Avars and Slavs into the Balkans
7th c. – Muslim Arabs
8th – 10th c. Northmen or Vikings from Scandinavia

Question 4

5. What was the religion of the Germanic tribes who swept through the western Roman world in the fifth century?

Answer 4

For the most part, Arian Christians

Question 5

6. Who was the first missionary to the Goths and when did he go to them?

Answer 5

Ulfilas, c 311-383

Question 6

What is the name of the clause (and what does it mean in English) that was added to the Nicene Creed in 589 at the synod of Toledo (the synod that signaled the conversion of the Visigoths to Nicene/Catholic Christianity)?

Answer 6

Filioque Clause, “proceeds from the Father and the Son”

Question 7

11. What were the responses to the “barbarian” invasions from:
    a. Augustine?
    b. Orosius?
    c. Salvian?

Answer 7

a. Political success and fiaure are ultimately indifferent. His focus was on the world to come.
b. Pre-Christian world suffered no less than the present and to interpret the invasions as a chastisement from God
c. Exaggerated good qualities of the Germans in contrast to the corruptions of the Romans, so that the invasions served as chastisements for Rome’s sin.

Question 8

12. What does Ferguson claim accelerated the development of feudalism in the West?

Answer 8

“Greco-Roman civilization had been based on cities but the Germanic invasions brought a decline in cities. A purely rural economy developed n the West, accelerating the development of feudalism.”

Question 9

15. The word pope comes from the Greek word pappas or papas. What does the word mean?

Answer 9

Comes from the child’s word for “father”

Question 10

After the splits caused by the Christological controversies at Ephesus and Chalcedon, what are the three types of Christian churches in the East that exist to this day?

Answer 10

1) Chalcedonians or Byzantine Orthodox
2) Monophyites or Oriental Othrodox (claiming the heritage of Cyril of Alexandria)
3) the Church of the East (unfairly called “Nestorian”)

Question 11

What were the results Justinian’s war to regain Italy?

Answer 11

He won but exhausted the empire which was now lost to the Lombards

Question 12

What were the three most important Councils, when did they take place, and what was their significance?

Answer 12

• Nicaea 325 - anti-arian
• Constantinople 381 - continues to address arian issue but historically makes a statement about the HS
• Calcedon 451 - discusses the person of christ

Question 13

26. Which three Christian patriarchates were lost by 641, during the first stages of the Islamic invasions?

Answer 13

Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria

Question 14

What book did Charlemagne read every night and what significant change took place under Charlemagne regarding how Church diocese were determined and how bishops were named?

Answer 14

Augustine’s City of God - Interpreted it as using the state to submit the world to the church

Dioceses and provinces were determined by agreement between the secular power and the pope and bishops were named by the king.

Question 15

What were the two groups of liberal arts established under Charlemagne?

Answer 15

Trivium and Quadrivium

Question 16

What subjects were included in Trivium?

Answer 16

grammar(philology, literature, and literary criticism), rhetoric( letter writing, preaching, and the art of convincing), and dialectic(logic, and later the whole of philosophy)

Question 17

What subjects were included in Quadrivium?

Answer 17

astronomy(to calculate the date of Easter), music (ecclesiastical), arithmetic (for church acoustics), and geometry.

Question 18

What was the significance of Pope Leo III crowning Charlemagne as the emperor on Christmas Day, 800?

Answer 18

It gave Charlemagne the imperial title…The coronation of the emperor was a sign of approval by the Papacy
some describe this as the beginning of the “Holy Roman Empire”

Question 19

When was the Great Schism and what events led to it?

Answer 19

1054
a. The papal delegation wen to the Hagia Sophia and laid on its high altar a bull of excommunication against Michael Cerularius, declaring the emperor and people of Constantinople “orthodox”

Question 20

What 11th c. development contributed to Christians seeing some forms of violence as an expression of piety?

Answer 20

Gregory VII explained that military service could be an act of penance when directed against his opponents

Question 21

How did the Crusades affect the prestige of the Papacy?

Answer 21

It increased the prestige

Question 22

What new monastic development took place following the First Crusade, and example of was
the founding of the Knights Templar in 1118?

Answer 22

The rise of knightly monastic orders

• Fighting for the Temple (defend other persons by arms)
• Provided hospitality and care to the sick