Transes Flashcards Pt.3
It is a survey of scholarly materials
(journal, articles, books, thesis and
dissertations, conference
proceedings, reports, etc.) relevant
to the area of research being
proposed.
➔ It provides a concise description
and critical evaluation of work
which has been done on the
research area of interest.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
body of
research and writing in a particular
field that is relevant to a particular
research project. It includes both
primary sources, such as research
articles and books, as well as
secondary sources, such as review
articles and meta-analyses, that
summarize and synthesize the
findings of primary research.
RELATED LITERATURE -
previous
projects or investigations that are
similar in methodology, scope, or
focus to the current research
project. These studies provide a
basis for comparison, validation,
and generalization of the results of
the current research.
RELATED STUDIES
What is already known about the
research area being proposed?
● What are the existing theories
related to this research area?
● What are the known characteristics
of, and relationships among the
main factors or variables related to
the proposed research area?
● What research designs or methods
were used to which of these seem
unsatisfactory?
● What and where are the
inconsistency or other
shortcomings in our current
knowledge and understanding of
the proposed research area?
● What evidence is lacking,
inconclusive, contradictory, or too
limited?
● What views need to be further
studied or tested?
● Why is there a need to study
further the research problem?
● What contribution can the present
study be expected to make?
Questions to Answer in Lit Review
Provides background information
about previous studies conducted:
● Who has done previous
work in the research area
considered?
● What important ideas,
theories, questions, and
hypotheses have already
been investigated and
tested?
● What research methods
(design, variable definition,
instrumentation, etc.) were
utilized?
● What problems were met
and how were they
resolved?
➔ Helps the researcher in:
● Determining if the
proposed research is
actually needed
● Narrowing down or refining
the topic and research
objectives initially
formulated
● Generating hypotheses or
questions to be studied
further.
➔ Guides the researcher in the
development of the conceptual
framework for the research
● Identification of relevant
variables
● Direction or nature of the
relationship between
relevant variables.
➔ Provides values of important
parameters needed in formulating
USES OF RRL
What Step? The research problem and
objectives determine the
coverage of the literature
review.
Formulate the research problem
and objectives.
What Step? Search across multiple
databases and information
resources using various
search engines (Medline,
PubMed, HERDIN, etc.)
Conduct the literature search
What Step? What you read will guide
your subsequent searches
and refine your topic,
ending up with a circular
process for steps 1, 2, and
3.
Read the literature side-by-side
with the research process.
- What you read will
What Step? These questions, issues,
and hypotheses can be
used late in the research
when you discuss the
implications of your
findings and recommend
new research directions
supported or suggested by
your findings.
Note down the important
questions, issues, hypotheses
which were mentioned by the
literature reviewed or which came
to your mind as you read them:
What Step? - It is better to record too
many references initially
than to spend and waste
that time later to relocate
or search for documents
earlier reviewed.
- Can use a citation software
(EndNote, RefWorks,
Zalero, etc.)
Keep a record (what, where.
when) of the literature reviewed.
What Step? Take notes as you read
each document, recording
the following information.
- Purpose/objectives
of the study.
- Summary of content
- Research design /
methods used in the
study
- Important findings
● Organize results into
common themes
- Organize, analyze, and evaluate
the literature reviewed.
What Step? The write-up can consist of
several sub-sections, with
previous studies organized
according to common
themes (magnitude of the
problem, factors related to
the problem)
Prepare a write-up of the literature
review
What Step? Reference lists contain a
complete list of all the
sources that have been
cited directly in a
document. This means that
if there are in-text citations
for a source, there is a
reference list entry, and
vice-versa. ‘
● Bibliographies, on the other
hand, contain all sources
that have been used,
whether they are directly
cited or not. A bibliography
includes sources that were
used to generate ideas or
“read around” a topic, but
were not referred to
directly in the body of the
document.
● Endnotes vs. Bibliography.
- Create the bibliography or the list
of references, whichever is
needed.
Trace the development of
the topic over time.
Chronological
Organize literature review
into subsections that
address different aspects of
the topic
Thematic
- Compare results and
conclusions that emerge
from different approaches
(research methods)
Methodological
Based on emerging theories
from the literature.
Theoretical
establish the
focus and purpose of the literature
review
INTRODUCTION
subhead for each theme,
time period, or methodological
approach.
- Summarize and synthesize
- Analyze and interpret
- Critically evaluate
- Written in well-structured
paragraphs.
BODY
summarize the key
findings taken from the literature
and emphasize their significance.
CONCLUSION
EXAMPLE:
The Concept of Care of Patient with
Hansen’s Disease of Bicol Sanitarium: A
Basis for program Evaluation and
Development
RELATED LITERATURE
- The concept of care
- Nursing care
- Hansen’s Disease
- Leprosy and Health-Related Stigma
RELATED STUDIES
- Care concept
- Nursing care: Its meaning from
different groups
- Hansen’s disease and stigma
- Nurse’s role in the care of patients
with Hansen’s disease.
. The literature to be reviewed must
not only be related to the topic of
the research, but more so, on the
specific objectives actually
covered.
2. There are no hard-set rules
regarding the number of literature
to be included in the RRL, how old
or new are the materials to be
covered, or the proportion of local
compared to international studies
presented. These are all
dependent on the topic of the
research and how well it has been
studied locally and abroad.
3. It is important to ensure the
accuracy of the information your
presented in your RRL (ie., correct
bibliographic citation, attributing
findings to the correct authors).
The bibliographic citation should
be complete enough to enable a
reader to track down the article if
they wish to do so.
4. If the research being proposed is
pioneering, and no previous
studies have been done in the
area, this has to be mentioned in
the RRL to provide additional basis
or justification for the conduct of
the proposed research.
IMPORTANT POINTS IN RRL
A foundational review of existing
theories that serves as a roadmap
for developing the arguments a
researcher will use in his work.
➔ Justifies and contextualizes the
research.
➔ Make the readers aware of the
assumptions that inform the
approach, showing the rationale
behind the choices for
methodology and discussion.
➔ “Theories are developed by
researchers to explain phenomena,
draw connections, and make
predictions.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
An explicit statement of theoretical
assumptions permits the reader to
evaluate them critically.
➔ The theoretical framework
connects the researcher to existing
knowledge.
11 FRANCISCO, JA | BSN3B
NURSING RESEARCH 1
PRELIMS - 1st Semester
Universidad de Sta. Isabel de Naga, Inc.
College of Health Sciences - Nursing
➔ Articulating the theoretical
assumptions of a research study
focuses the researcher to address
questions of why and how.
➔ Having a theory helps the
researcher identify the limit to
those generalizations.
IMPORTANCE OF THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
Examine the research problem
and objectives
➔ Brainstorm on the key variables to
be considered in the research.
➔ Conduct review of related literature
➔ Identify possible relationships of
the variables identified
➔ Review relevant nursing (or other
allied sciences) theory based on
relationships established between
variables.
➔ Discuss the similarity and
relationship between the variables
and selected theory.
DEVELOPING THE FRAMEWORK
“The theoretical framework may be rooted
in a specific theory. However, researchers
can develop their own framework from
which your analysis of the research
problem is derived.”
1. Clearly describe the framework,
concepts, models, or specific
theories that underpin the study.
2. Position the theoretical framework
within a broader context of related
frameworks, concepts, models, or
theories.
3. Present tense is used when writing
the theoretical framework.
4. Make the theoretical framework
assumptions as explicit as possible.
5. Identify the limitations of the
theory.
WRITING THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
➔ Illustrated (in graphic and narrative
form) the expected relationship
between the variables.
➔ Defines the relevant objectives for
the research process and maps out
how they come together to draw
coherent conclusions.
➔ The development of the conceptual
framework is done after the RRL,
and before the formulation of the
research objectives and data
collection.
➔ There must be consistency
between the conceptual framework
presented and the research
objectives to be investigated.
➔ “The most important thing to
understand is that it is primarily a
conception or model of what is out
there that you plan to study, and
of what is going on with these
things and why.”
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Experiential knowledge of the
researcher
- Technical knowledge
- Research background
- Personal experience
● Literature review
- Prior related theory
- Prior related research
- Other theory and research
INPUTS NEEDED IN DEVELOPING
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Conceptual Framework guide? Guides researchers by
determining exactly what
they want to find out,
giving the research process
a clear focus.
- This will help researchers
map out which variables
will be measured and how
they expect them to relate
to one another.
- EXAMPLE (Research
question): Whether
students who study more
hours get higher exam
scores.
Choose your research question /
problem
Conceptual Framework guide? The expected cause -
independent variable (the
predictor, or explanatory
variable)
- The expected effect -
dependent variable (the
response or outcome
variable)
- Independent variable -
hours of study
- Dependent variable - exam
scores
Select independent and dependent
variables
alter the effect that an independent
variable has on a dependent variable.
Not affected by the independent variable,
even though it affects the dependent
variable.
Moderating variable (moderators)
Link the dependent and
independent variables allowing the
relationship between them to be
better explained.
- Affected by the independent
variable and, in turn, affects the
dependent variable, as well,
therefore, it links the two variables
and helps explain the relationship
between them.
Mediating variables
Variables that are held constant so
that they do not interfere with the
results.
Control variabl
States the predictions about what
the research will find.
➔ It is a tentative answer to the
research questions that has not
been tested.
➔ It proposes a relationship between
the independent and dependent
variable.
➔ Requires specificity, clarity, and
testability.
➔ “A hypothesis is a statement that
can be tested by scientific
research. If you want to test a
relationship between two or more
variables, you need to write
hypotheses before you start your
experiment or data collection.
HYPOTHESIS
H1
- Identifies expected outcome of the
research procedure
- Can either be directional or
non-directional
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
- H0
- Define the opposite of the
expected results or outcomes
throughout your research.
NULL HYPOTHESIS
- Reflects the relation between the
dependent and independent
variables.
SIMPLE HYPOTHESIS
Implies the relationship between
multiple dependent or independent
variables stated in the research
problem.
COMPLEX HYPOTHESIS
Working hypothesis
- Made when a theory is being
validated through an experiment
and observation.
EMPIRICAL HYPOTHESIS
An explanation after studying a
sample of the population.
- A logic-based analysis where you
research a specific population and
gather evidence through a
particular sample size.
STATISTICAL HYPOTHESIS
. Identify and clearly describe your
research question
2. Carry out an initial preliminary
research
3. Make the first draft of your
hypothesis
4. Skin your hypothesis
5. Create your hypothesis statement
6. Create a null hypothesis
WRITING A HYPOTHESIS
