Transes Flashcards Pt.3

1
Q

It is a survey of scholarly materials
(journal, articles, books, thesis and
dissertations, conference
proceedings, reports, etc.) relevant
to the area of research being
proposed.
➔ It provides a concise description
and critical evaluation of work
which has been done on the
research area of interest.

A

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

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2
Q

body of
research and writing in a particular
field that is relevant to a particular
research project. It includes both
primary sources, such as research
articles and books, as well as
secondary sources, such as review
articles and meta-analyses, that
summarize and synthesize the
findings of primary research.

A

RELATED LITERATURE -

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3
Q

previous
projects or investigations that are
similar in methodology, scope, or
focus to the current research
project. These studies provide a
basis for comparison, validation,
and generalization of the results of
the current research.

A

RELATED STUDIES

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4
Q

What is already known about the
research area being proposed?
● What are the existing theories
related to this research area?
● What are the known characteristics
of, and relationships among the
main factors or variables related to
the proposed research area?
● What research designs or methods
were used to which of these seem
unsatisfactory?
● What and where are the
inconsistency or other
shortcomings in our current
knowledge and understanding of
the proposed research area?
● What evidence is lacking,
inconclusive, contradictory, or too
limited?
● What views need to be further
studied or tested?
● Why is there a need to study
further the research problem?
● What contribution can the present
study be expected to make?

A

Questions to Answer in Lit Review

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5
Q

Provides background information
about previous studies conducted:
● Who has done previous
work in the research area
considered?
● What important ideas,
theories, questions, and
hypotheses have already
been investigated and
tested?
● What research methods
(design, variable definition,
instrumentation, etc.) were
utilized?
● What problems were met
and how were they
resolved?
➔ Helps the researcher in:
● Determining if the
proposed research is
actually needed
● Narrowing down or refining
the topic and research
objectives initially
formulated
● Generating hypotheses or
questions to be studied
further.
➔ Guides the researcher in the
development of the conceptual
framework for the research
● Identification of relevant
variables
● Direction or nature of the
relationship between
relevant variables.
➔ Provides values of important
parameters needed in formulating

A

USES OF RRL

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6
Q

What Step? The research problem and
objectives determine the
coverage of the literature
review.

A

Formulate the research problem
and objectives.

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7
Q

What Step? Search across multiple
databases and information
resources using various
search engines (Medline,
PubMed, HERDIN, etc.)

A

Conduct the literature search

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8
Q

What Step? What you read will guide
your subsequent searches
and refine your topic,
ending up with a circular
process for steps 1, 2, and
3.

A

Read the literature side-by-side
with the research process.
- What you read will

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9
Q

What Step? These questions, issues,
and hypotheses can be
used late in the research
when you discuss the
implications of your
findings and recommend
new research directions
supported or suggested by
your findings.

A

Note down the important
questions, issues, hypotheses
which were mentioned by the
literature reviewed or which came
to your mind as you read them:

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10
Q

What Step? - It is better to record too
many references initially
than to spend and waste
that time later to relocate
or search for documents
earlier reviewed.
- Can use a citation software
(EndNote, RefWorks,
Zalero, etc.)

A

Keep a record (what, where.
when) of the literature reviewed.

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11
Q

What Step? Take notes as you read
each document, recording
the following information.
- Purpose/objectives
of the study.
- Summary of content
- Research design /
methods used in the
study
- Important findings
● Organize results into
common themes

A
  1. Organize, analyze, and evaluate
    the literature reviewed.
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12
Q

What Step? The write-up can consist of
several sub-sections, with
previous studies organized
according to common
themes (magnitude of the
problem, factors related to
the problem)

A

Prepare a write-up of the literature
review

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13
Q

What Step? Reference lists contain a
complete list of all the
sources that have been
cited directly in a
document. This means that
if there are in-text citations
for a source, there is a
reference list entry, and
vice-versa. ‘
● Bibliographies, on the other
hand, contain all sources
that have been used,
whether they are directly
cited or not. A bibliography
includes sources that were
used to generate ideas or
“read around” a topic, but
were not referred to
directly in the body of the
document.
● Endnotes vs. Bibliography.

A
  1. Create the bibliography or the list
    of references, whichever is
    needed.
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14
Q

Trace the development of
the topic over time.

A

Chronological

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15
Q

Organize literature review
into subsections that
address different aspects of
the topic

A

Thematic

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16
Q
  • Compare results and
    conclusions that emerge
    from different approaches
    (research methods)
A

Methodological

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17
Q

Based on emerging theories
from the literature.

A

Theoretical

18
Q

establish the
focus and purpose of the literature
review

A

INTRODUCTION

19
Q

subhead for each theme,
time period, or methodological
approach.
- Summarize and synthesize
- Analyze and interpret
- Critically evaluate
- Written in well-structured
paragraphs.

20
Q

summarize the key
findings taken from the literature
and emphasize their significance.

A

CONCLUSION

21
Q

EXAMPLE:
The Concept of Care of Patient with
Hansen’s Disease of Bicol Sanitarium: A
Basis for program Evaluation and
Development

A

RELATED LITERATURE
- The concept of care
- Nursing care
- Hansen’s Disease
- Leprosy and Health-Related Stigma
RELATED STUDIES
- Care concept
- Nursing care: Its meaning from
different groups
- Hansen’s disease and stigma
- Nurse’s role in the care of patients
with Hansen’s disease.

22
Q

. The literature to be reviewed must
not only be related to the topic of
the research, but more so, on the
specific objectives actually
covered.
2. There are no hard-set rules
regarding the number of literature
to be included in the RRL, how old
or new are the materials to be
covered, or the proportion of local
compared to international studies
presented. These are all
dependent on the topic of the
research and how well it has been
studied locally and abroad.
3. It is important to ensure the
accuracy of the information your
presented in your RRL (ie., correct
bibliographic citation, attributing
findings to the correct authors).
The bibliographic citation should
be complete enough to enable a
reader to track down the article if
they wish to do so.
4. If the research being proposed is
pioneering, and no previous
studies have been done in the
area, this has to be mentioned in
the RRL to provide additional basis
or justification for the conduct of
the proposed research.

A

IMPORTANT POINTS IN RRL

23
Q

A foundational review of existing
theories that serves as a roadmap
for developing the arguments a
researcher will use in his work.
➔ Justifies and contextualizes the
research.
➔ Make the readers aware of the
assumptions that inform the
approach, showing the rationale
behind the choices for
methodology and discussion.
➔ “Theories are developed by
researchers to explain phenomena,
draw connections, and make
predictions.

A

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

24
Q

An explicit statement of theoretical
assumptions permits the reader to
evaluate them critically.
➔ The theoretical framework
connects the researcher to existing
knowledge.
11 FRANCISCO, JA | BSN3B
NURSING RESEARCH 1
PRELIMS - 1st Semester
Universidad de Sta. Isabel de Naga, Inc.
College of Health Sciences - Nursing
➔ Articulating the theoretical
assumptions of a research study
focuses the researcher to address
questions of why and how.
➔ Having a theory helps the
researcher identify the limit to
those generalizations.

A

IMPORTANCE OF THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK

25
Examine the research problem and objectives ➔ Brainstorm on the key variables to be considered in the research. ➔ Conduct review of related literature ➔ Identify possible relationships of the variables identified ➔ Review relevant nursing (or other allied sciences) theory based on relationships established between variables. ➔ Discuss the similarity and relationship between the variables and selected theory.
DEVELOPING THE FRAMEWORK
26
“The theoretical framework may be rooted in a specific theory. However, researchers can develop their own framework from which your analysis of the research problem is derived.” 1. Clearly describe the framework, concepts, models, or specific theories that underpin the study. 2. Position the theoretical framework within a broader context of related frameworks, concepts, models, or theories. 3. Present tense is used when writing the theoretical framework. 4. Make the theoretical framework assumptions as explicit as possible. 5. Identify the limitations of the theory.
WRITING THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
27
➔ Illustrated (in graphic and narrative form) the expected relationship between the variables. ➔ Defines the relevant objectives for the research process and maps out how they come together to draw coherent conclusions. ➔ The development of the conceptual framework is done after the RRL, and before the formulation of the research objectives and data collection. ➔ There must be consistency between the conceptual framework presented and the research objectives to be investigated. ➔ “The most important thing to understand is that it is primarily a conception or model of what is out there that you plan to study, and of what is going on with these things and why.”
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
28
Experiential knowledge of the researcher - Technical knowledge - Research background - Personal experience ● Literature review - Prior related theory - Prior related research - Other theory and research
INPUTS NEEDED IN DEVELOPING CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
29
Conceptual Framework guide? Guides researchers by determining exactly what they want to find out, giving the research process a clear focus. - This will help researchers map out which variables will be measured and how they expect them to relate to one another. - EXAMPLE (Research question): Whether students who study more hours get higher exam scores.
Choose your research question / problem
30
Conceptual Framework guide? The expected cause - independent variable (the predictor, or explanatory variable) - The expected effect - dependent variable (the response or outcome variable) - Independent variable - hours of study - Dependent variable - exam scores
Select independent and dependent variables
31
alter the effect that an independent variable has on a dependent variable. Not affected by the independent variable, even though it affects the dependent variable.
Moderating variable (moderators)
32
Link the dependent and independent variables allowing the relationship between them to be better explained. - Affected by the independent variable and, in turn, affects the dependent variable, as well, therefore, it links the two variables and helps explain the relationship between them.
Mediating variables
33
Variables that are held constant so that they do not interfere with the results.
Control variabl
34
States the predictions about what the research will find. ➔ It is a tentative answer to the research questions that has not been tested. ➔ It proposes a relationship between the independent and dependent variable. ➔ Requires specificity, clarity, and testability. ➔ “A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested by scientific research. If you want to test a relationship between two or more variables, you need to write hypotheses before you start your experiment or data collection.
HYPOTHESIS
35
H1 - Identifies expected outcome of the research procedure - Can either be directional or non-directional
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
36
- H0 - Define the opposite of the expected results or outcomes throughout your research.
NULL HYPOTHESIS
37
- Reflects the relation between the dependent and independent variables.
SIMPLE HYPOTHESIS
38
Implies the relationship between multiple dependent or independent variables stated in the research problem.
COMPLEX HYPOTHESIS
39
Working hypothesis - Made when a theory is being validated through an experiment and observation.
EMPIRICAL HYPOTHESIS
40
An explanation after studying a sample of the population. - A logic-based analysis where you research a specific population and gather evidence through a particular sample size.
STATISTICAL HYPOTHESIS
41
. Identify and clearly describe your research question 2. Carry out an initial preliminary research 3. Make the first draft of your hypothesis 4. Skin your hypothesis 5. Create your hypothesis statement 6. Create a null hypothesis
WRITING A HYPOTHESIS