EMPIRICAL, ANALYTICAL & DISSEMINATION PHASE OF NURSING RESEARCH

Question 1

Refer to the data obtained directly from an original source by
means of actual observations or by conducting interviews. The direct source
could be an individual or family group, business entities or private and
government agencies.

Answer 1

PRIMARY DATA

Question 2

refer to data or information that come from existing records
(published and/or unpublished) in usable form such as surveys, census, business
journals and magazines, newspapers, commercial publications, and others such
as theses and dissertations, and research papers, etc.

Answer 2

SECONDARY DATA

Question 3

data taken from the company’s own records of operations
such as sales records, production records, personnel records, etc.

Answer 3

INTERNAL DATA –

Question 4

data that come from outside sources and not from the
company’s own records

Answer 4

EXTERNAL DATA –

Question 5

The direct or interview method is a data gathering device wherein the
research worker or interviewer gets the needed data/information from the
respondent or interviewee verbally and directly in a face-to-face contact. One
marked advantage of this method is that skillful interviewer may draw from the
interviewee certain types of personal and confidential information which may not be
possible through the other methods of data collection.

Answer 5

1. The Interview or Direct Method.

Question 6

ned written questions related to particular topic sent by mail to individuals,
with space provided for responses to each question given out to acquire the needed
data/information.

Answer 6

2. The Questionnaire or Indirect Method.

Question 7

are the records of births, marriages, and
deaths at the National Census and Statistics Office (NSCO). Another example is the
registration record of all Filipinos of voting age at the COMELEC.

Answer 7

3. Registration Method.

Question 8

as a means of gathering data is
employed when certain data of information cannot
be secured adequately or validly through the use of
the other methods of data collection except through
the use of observation. Observation must be
specific, systematic, quantitative and expert. Its
results must be checked and substantiated

Answer 8

Observation

Question 9

the same information is gathered from all participants in a
comparable, pre-specified way. Sometimes, however, it is more appropriate to allow participants to
reveal relevant information in a naturalistic way

Answer 9

. Structure.

Question 10

Data that will be analyzed statistically must be quantifiable. Structured data collection
approaches tend to yield data that are more easily quantified.

Answer 10

Quantifiability.

Question 11

Data collection methods differ in the degree to which researchers are obtrusive in their
efforts and participants are aware of their status as study participants

Answer 11

3. Obtrusiveness

Question 12

generally strive for methods that are as objective as possible. In
qualitative research, however, the subjective judgment of the investigator is considered a valuable too

Answer 12

Objectivity.

Question 13

(or fixed-alternative questions) are ones in which the
response alternatives are pre-specified by the researcher. The alternatives may range from a simple
yes or no to complex expressions of opinion. The purpose of such questions is to ensure
comparability of responses and to facilitate analysis.

Answer 13

Closed-ended questions

Question 14

allows participants to respond to questions in their own
words. When open-ended questions are included in questionnaires, respondents must write out
their responses. In interviews, the interviewer writes down responses verbatim or uses a taperecorder for later transcriptio

Answer 14

Open-ended questions

Question 15

A device that assigns a numeric score to people along a continuum, like a scale for
measuring weight. Social-psychological scales quantitatively discriminate among people with
different attitudes, perceptions, and psychological traits.

Answer 15

SCALES

Question 16

The most common scaling technique, which consists of several declarative
statements (items) that express a viewpoint on a topic. Respondents are asked to indicate how
much they agree or disagree with the statement.

Answer 16

Likert scale.

Question 17

Respondents are asked to rate concepts (e.g., dieting, exercise) on a
series of bipolar adjectives, such as good/bad, effective/ineffective, important/unimportant.
Respondents place a check at the appropriate point on a seven-point scale that extends from one
extreme of the dimension to the other.

Answer 17

Semantic differential (SD)

Question 18

which can be used to measure subjective experiences, such as pain,
fatigue, and dyspnea. The VAS is a straight line, the end anchors of which are labelled as the
extreme limits of the sensation or feeling being measured.

Answer 18

Visual Analog Scale (VAS),

Question 19

brief descriptions of events or situations to which respondents are asked to
react. The questions posed to respondents after the vignettes may be either openended (e.g., How would you describe this patients’ level of confusion?) or closedended (e.g., Rate how confused you think this patient is on a 7-point scale). Usually
three to five vignettes are included in an instrument.

Answer 19

3. VIGNETTES.

Question 20

The most common approach to making structured observations is to use a category
system for classifying observed phenomena. A category system represents a
method of recording in a systematic fashion the behaviors and events of interest
that transpire within a setting.
❑ Category systems are the basis for constructing a checklist, which is the instrument
observers use to record observed phenomena. The checklist is usually formatted
with the list of behaviors or events from the category system on the left and space
for tallying the frequency or duration of occurrence of behaviors on the right

Answer 20

1. Categories and Checklist.

Question 21

A tool that requires observers to rate some phenomena in terms of points along
a descriptive continuum. The observer may be required to make ratings of
behavior at intervals throughout the observation or to summarize an entire
event or transaction after the observation is completed.
❑ Rating scales can be used as an extension of checklists, in which the observer
records not only the occurrence of some behavior but also some qualitative
aspect of it, such as its magnitude or intensity

Answer 21

2. Rating Scales.