CHAPTER 4

Question 1

This mode of presentation combines text and
figures in a statistical report

Answer 1

1. TEXTUAL PRESENTATION

Question 2

This mode of presentation is better than the textual form
because the data are presented in more concise and systematic
manner. The data are systematically presented through tables
consisting of vertical columns and horizontal rows with headings
describing these rows and columns

Answer 2

2. TABULAR PRESENTATION

Question 3

It is a most effective means of presenting statistical data,
because important relationships are brought out more clearly
in graphs.
❑ Graphs have a great advantage over tables because graphs
convey quantitative value and compares more readily than
tables. Besides, readers are more likely to read graphs than
tables.

Answer 3

3. GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

Question 4

s the simplest form of graphic presentation. It is generally intended for
comparison of simple magnitude. It may either be horizontal bar graph or a vertical bar
graph.

Answer 4

1. Bar Graph

Question 5

It is the most widely used practical device effective in showing a trend (changes in value) over
a period.

Answer 5

2. Line Graph

Question 6

divided into parts whose sizes are proportional to the magnitude or percentages
they represent. It is used to show the component parts of a whole. In making a pie-chart the
following rules may be followed in order not to mislead the readers.

Answer 6

3. Circle Graph/ Pie Graph

Question 7

provides a means for visual inspection of
data which a list of values for two variables cannot. It shows if a
relationship exists between variables. It also convey both
direction and shape of the relationship

Answer 7

4. Scatter Diagram

Question 8

uses pictorial symbols such as a stick figure
for population to indicate data instead of a bar in a bar-type chart

Answer 8

5. Pictograph/ Pictogram

Question 9

The lowest level, involves using numbers simply to
categorize attributes. Examples of variables that
are nominally measured include gender and blood
type.
▪ Nominal measurement provides information only
about categorical equivalence and nonequivalence and so the numbers cannot be
treated mathematically.

Answer 9

Nominal measurement.

Question 10

It ranks objects based on their relative standing on
an attribute. If a researcher orders people from
heaviest to lightest, this is ordinal measurement

Answer 10

. Ordinal measurement

Question 11

It occurs when researchers can specify
the ranking of objects on an attribute and
the distance between those objects. Most
educational and psychological tests yield
interval-level measures.

Answer 11

Interval measurement.

Question 12

This is the highest level. Ratio scales, unlike interval scales,
have a rational, meaningful zero and therefore provide
information about the absolute magnitude of the attribute.

Answer 12

4. Ratio measurement.

Question 13

which is concerned with the collection,
classification and presentation of data designed to summarize and describe the
group characteristics of the data. Examples are the measures of central
tendency or location and measures of variability

Answer 13

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

Question 14

– refers to the drawing of conclusions or judgment
about a population based on a representative sample systematically taken from
the same population. Its aim is to give concise information about large groups
of data without dealing with each and every element of these groups.

Answer 14

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

Question 15

STEPS IN A STATISTICAL INQUIRY OR INVESTIGATION

Answer 15

1. Collection of data
2. Processing of data
3. Presentation of data
4. Analysis of data
5. Interpretation of data

Question 16

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

Answer 16

MEAN
✓ MEDIAN
✓ MODE

Question 18

a) higher statistical computations.
b) distribution where there are no extreme values since it is easily affected by
extremely high or low values.
c) distribution requiring the greatest reliability since it includes all the given values
in its computation.
d) interval and ratio measurements.
❖ The mean is equal to the sum of all values divided by the number of participants—
what people refer to as the average

Answer 18

MEAN

Question 19

a) ordinal and ranked measurements.
b) distributions which are markedly skewed.
c) distributions where the highest or lowest class interval or both are not defined,
that is, distributions using open-ended classes such as 100 and below or 60 and above.
d) determination of whether the cases fall within the lower halve or the upper
halve of a distribution (appropriate locator of central tendency.is the point in a distribution that divides scores in half. The middle
number; found by ordering all data points and picking out the one in the middle (or if
there are two middle numbers, taking the mean of those two numbers) Consider the
following set of values:

Answer 19

MEDIAN

Question 20

e is used for:
a) nominal data
b) Solving for the most typical average since it is the value that occur most
frequently in a series.
c) a quick or rough estimate of a central value.
❖ The mode is the number that occurs most frequently in a distribution. In the
following distribution, the mode is 53:

Answer 20

MODE

Question 21

CORRELATION ANALYSIS
THE PEARSON PRODUCT-MOMENT CORRELATION COEFFICIENT
CHI-SQUARE
❖ T-TEST FOR INDEPENDENT SAMPLES
❖ T-TEST FOR DEPENDENT SAMPLES
❖ ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)
❖ LINEAR REGRESSION

Answer 21

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

Question 22

used to measure the nature of relationship or association between variables.
❑ The most meaningful research is that which seeks to find and to verify relationships
between and among variables.
❑ In correlational studies, researchers determine if a relationship exists between two
(or more) quantitative variables, such as score and age or reading comprehension
and word-problem solving skill in mathematics.
❑ Such relationships are oftentimes used in prediction, to imply causation. Although
causal relationship cannot be proven through correlational researchers, researchers
hope eventually to make causal statements as an outgrowth of their work.
❑ “SIGNIFICANT RELATIONSHIP”

Answer 22

CORRELATION ANALYSIS

Question 23

The degree of association or closeness of relationship between two variables
is measured by a correlation coefficient, denoted by r

Answer 23

THE PEARSON PRODUCT-MOMENT CORRELATION COEFFICIENT

Question 24

For tables with two rows and two columns, select Chi-square to calculate the Pearson chisquare, the likelihood-ratio chi-square, Fisher’s exact test, and Yates’ corrected chi-square
(continuity correction).
❑ When both table variables are quantitative, Chi-square yields the linear-by-linear
association test.

Answer 24

CHI-SQUARE

Question 25

When sample size is small, n<30 we use the T-test
❑“SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCEUsed when we want to compare 2 GROUPS of INDEPENDENT VARIABLES

Answer 25

T-TEST

Question 26

is applied to matched pairs of correlated
samples. The samples are supposedly taken from one population.
❑ “SAME GROUP”

Answer 26

T-TEST FOR DEPENDENT SAMPLES/ PAIRED SAMPLE T-TEST

Question 27

❑ “Fill Up Test Value”

Answer 27

ONE SAMPLE T-TEST

Question 28

To test the equality of several means, researchers utilize a procedure known as the analysis of variance. One-factor
analysis of variance is a procedure that uses a set of calculations on several variances to test the hypothesis that
several populations have the same mean. The application of ANOVA requires three basic assumptions.
❑ F test
❑ 3 or more variables

Answer 28

ANOVA (ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE)

Question 29

is the term used to describe the process of estimating the
relationship between two variables. The relationship is estimated by fitting a
straight line through the given data.
❑ “Cause and Effect”
❑ Determine the Independent and Dependent Variable

Answer 29

LINEAR REGRESSION

Question 30

Tracking the
occurrence, position and meaning of words or
phrases

Answer 30

Qualitative content analysis

Question 31

Closely examining the data to
identify the main themes and patterns

Answer 31

Thematic analysis:

Question 32

Studying how communication
works in social context

Answer 32

Discourse analysis:

Question 33

Steps in Analyzing Qualitative Researchv

Answer 33

search for patterns
and themes
validation of the
thematic analysis.
weave the
thematic strands together into an integrated picture