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Bio 111 > Transcription & Translation > Flashcards

Transcription & Translation Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Beadle and Tatum

A

One gene, one protein theory

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2
Q

Nirenberg

A

amino acids are coded by all 64 codons

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3
Q

Degenerate code

A

Some amino acids have multiple codons

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4
Q

Wobble pairing

A

Third letter in codon is variable

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5
Q

Transcription

A

DNA -> RNA

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6
Q

Template strand versus coding strand

A

Template strand is read to synthesize DNA
Coding strand contains exact sequence for mRNA except with uracil

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7
Q

RNA Polymerase 

A

Enzyme synthesizes primary RNA transcript from template DNA strand

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8
Q

Transcription initiation

A

RNA identifies specific starting DNA codon

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9
Q

Transcription Elongation

A

Ribonucleotide added to 3’ end

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10
Q

Transcription termination

A

RNA polymerase stops when it encounters terminating stop codon

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11
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA
Carries DNA code for protein

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12
Q

rRNA

A

Ribosomal RNA
Composes ribosome 

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13
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer RNA
Carries amino acids to ribosome for translation 

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14
Q

Signal recognition particle

A

Composed of RNA and protein
Guides mRNA to rough ER

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15
Q

Holenzyme

A

Core polymerase plus sigma for elongation

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16
Q

Transcriptional unit

A

Extends from promoter to terminator

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17
Q

Transcription bubble

A

RNA polymerase
DNA template strand
Growing RNA
Moves at 50 nucleotides per second

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18
Q

Methylation

A

Tightly packs nucleosomes
Nucleosome is DNA wrapped around histone
No genes expressed

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19
Q

Histone acetylation

A

Add acetyl group
Nucleosomes loosely packed
Allows genes to be expressed

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20
Q

Enhancer

A

DNA sequence promotes transcription
Composed of distal control elements

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21
Q

Two genes can share a promoter, but must have different what?

A

Distal control elements

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22
Q

Lac Operon

A

Expressed in lactose is present and glucose is absent

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23
Q

DNA binding motifs

A

Regions of regulatory proteins that bind to DNA

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24
Q

RNA polymerase I

A

rRNA

25
Q

RNA polymerase II

A

mRNA
mRNA initiation requires transcription factors which bind RNA polymerase to a promoter

26
Q

RNA polymerase III

A

tRNA

27
Q

Pre mRNA splicing

A

Modify initial RNA
1) add caps to 5’ and 3’ ends
2) remove non doing sequences via splicing

28
Q

Introns

A

Non coding sequences

29
Q

Exons

A

Coding sequences

30
Q

snRNA

A

Small nuclear RNA
Removes introns and splice exons to produce final mRNA

31
Q

Spliceosome

A

Final mRNA + Proteins

32
Q

Translation

A

RNA -> amino acids -> protein

33
Q

Aminoacyl tRNA synthase

A

Adds amino acid to the accepter arm of tRNA

34
Q

Anticodon loop

A

Loop on tRNA Contains complementary nucleotides sequences for mRNA codons

35
Q

A site

A

tRNA binds to growing polypeptide

36
Q

P site

A

Binds tRNA that carried last amino acid in chain

37
Q

E site

A

Temporary binds empty tRNA Till it goes to pick up another amino acid

38
Q

Ribosomes

A

Decode mRNA and use amino acids to build proteins

39
Q

Peptidyl transferase

A

Enzyme forms peptide bond between amino acids

40
Q

Prokaryote initiation

A

Initiation complex
1) initiator tRNA charged with N-formylmethinine
2) Ribosomal subunit
3 mRNA strand

41
Q

Ribosomal binding sequence

A

mRNA complementary to rRNA

42
Q

Prokaryote elongation

A

Add amino acid
If A site anticodon is complementary to A codon, the tRNA binds
Ribosome travels 5’ -> 3’

43
Q

Where does transcription occur in eukaryotes?

A

Cytoplasm
Rough endoplasmic reticulum

44
Q

Signal sequences

A

Beginning of polypeptide sequence
Binds to signal recognition particle

45
Q

What allows ribosome to bind to rough ER?

A

rough ER protein recognizes signal sequence and signal recognition particle

46
Q

Protein degradation

A

regeneration cycle
Proteins constantly produced and degraded
Lysosomes have proteases to break down proteins

47
Q

Altered jeans

A

Mutation

48
Q

Point mutation

A

Alter single base

49
Q

Base substitution

A

Sub one base for another

50
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

Create unwanted stop codon

51
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

Caused by inserting or deleting single base
Throws off codon triplets 

52
Q

Triplet repeat expansion mutation

A

Same codon repeats
Associated with some human genetic diseases
Normal= no repetition
Abnormal= repetitions

53
Q

Chromosomal mutations

A

Change chromosome structure

54
Q

Deletion chromosome mutation

A

Part of chromosome is lost

55
Q

Duplication chromosomal mutation

A

Part of chromosome is copied

56
Q

Inversion chromosomal mutation

A

Part of chromosome is in reverse order

57
Q

Translocation chromosomal mutation

A

Part of chromosome is moved to a different location

58
Q

Why is it a little genetic change good?

A

Small amounts of mutation is necessary for evolution of a species

Bio 111 (8 decks)

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