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Bio 111 > Biotechnology > Flashcards

Biotechnology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Gel electrophoresis

A

Separate DNA fragments by size using electric charge
- repels DNA, + attracts DNA
larger fragments slower, smaller fragments faster
Gel is agarose or polyacrylamide
Gel is submersed in buffer to carry electric current
DNA visualized using fluorescent dye

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2
Q

Gel electrophoresis blotting

A

Southern: DNA sample
Northern: RNA a sample
Western: proteins detected using antibodies

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3
Q

Polyamerase chain reaction

A

Amplify small DNA fragment
Kary Mullis
Uses deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate and Rx buffer for enzyme function



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4
Q

Polyamerase chain reaction steps

A

1) Denaturation: high temp
2) Annealing primers: low temp
3) DNA synthesis: medium temp. Taq polymerase

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5
Q

What is a primer used in PCR?

A

Short DNA fragments complementary to both ends of a target sequence

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6
Q

What is used in DNA synthesis used in polymerase chain reaction?

A

The DNA polymerase Taq polymerase isolated from bacteria

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7
Q

Polyamerase chain reaction applications

A

1) multiply minute DNA samples to be analyzed
2) forensics ex. blood and hair follicle cells
3) detection of genetic defects in embryo using a small single cell sample
4) Analysis of mitochondrial DNA

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8
Q

Clone

A

Genetically identical copy

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9
Q

Protein coding/Gene coding

A

Isolation of specific DNA sequence

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10
Q

Vector

A

Carries DNA in host and can replicate
Ex. Bacteria, virus, or yeast

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11
Q

Most versatile and common host

A

E. coli bacteria

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12
Q

Small insert size used for cloning small DNA fragments

A

Plasmids
Small circular chromosomes

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13
Q

Large chromosomes with larger insert size for cloning larger DNA segments

A

Yeast artificial chromosomes
Bacterial artificial chromosomes

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14
Q

DNA library

A

DNA in a vector represents complex DNA mixture

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15
Q

Genomic library

A

Representation of entire genome in vector
1) Genome is randomly fragmented
2) inserted into vector
3) introduced into host cell
4) Constructed in bacterial artificial chromosome

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16
Q

Complementary DNA

A

cDNA
DNA copies of mRNA
1) mRNA isolated
2) reverse transcriptase makes cDNA
3) cDNA used to make library 

17
Q

All genome libraries from one cell are the same, but cDNA libraries from one cell are what?

A

Different

18
Q

Reproductive cloning

A

Dolly the sheep what is the first vertebrate mammal cloned
Dying young due to aged DNA


19
Q

Medically important proteins

A

Can be produced in bacteria, but it’s difficult to purify desired proteins from other bacterial proteins
ex. Human insulin, interferon, arterial peptides, tissue plasminogen activator, and human growth hormone

20
Q

Vaccines

A

Subunit vaccines: genes in coding protein coat spliced into genome fragment.
DNA vaccines: Depend on cellular immune response (not antibodies)

21
Q

Gene therapy

A

Add functional copy of gene to correct hereditary disorder
Some successes and failures
ex. Severe combined immunodeficiency disease gene therapy gave some children leukemia

22
Q

Transgenic animals

A

Contain recombinant DNA
used to express human genome
ex. Mice, sheep, and goats

23
Q

Transgenic plants

A

Genetically modified organics
Genes resistant to disease herbicides and pesticides
ex. Bacterial toxin (bt toxin): Natural insecticide Gene
Flavr savr tomato

24
Q

Study of genomes a DNA level

A

Genomics

25
Q

Study of entire set of proteins

A

Proteomics

26
Q

Study of small molecules found in organisms 

A

Metabolomics

27
Q

Study of entire mRNA set expressed in an organism

A

Transcriptomics

28
Q

Study of genetic material maternally inherited next generation

A

Mitochondrial genomics

29
Q

Study of collective genomes within an environmental sample

A

Metagenomics

30
Q

Study of transcription of genes in response to a chemical or drug

A

Pharmacogenomics
Toxicogenomics

31
Q

J. Craig Venter

A

First to sequence human genome
First to generate alternate life form

32
Q

CRISPR

A

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
Synthesize guide RNA (gRNA) for desired sequence, like repaired gene
Insert gRNA and CRISPR CAS 9 Will re-synthesize the complementary DNA to the gRNA
Allows you to answer any sequence into germline DNA of the cell

Adaptive immune mechanism for bacteria to fight bacteria phage viruses by identifying similar viral sequences from a previous infection

33
Q

Autologous priming and replacement

A

1) remove DC/T cells from patient
2) Prime cells with cytokines and tumor antigens
3) Put cells back in patient

Bio 111 (8 decks)

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