Mitosis

Question 1

What divides via binary fission?

Answer 1

Prokaryotes
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts

Question 2

What divides via mitosis?

Answer 2

Somatic/body cell eukaryotes

Question 3

What divides via meiosis?

Answer 3

Gamate/germs/sexual cells eukaryotes

Question 4

What shape chromosome do prokaryotes have in binary fission?

Answer 4

Circular

Question 5

DNA polymerase is used in?

Answer 5

Binary fission

Question 6

What occurs in binary fission?

Answer 6

New chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell.
Septum forms to divide cells

Question 7

DNA + proteins

Answer 7

Chromatin

Question 8

What is DNA wrapped around and why?

Answer 8

Histone to keep DNA organized

Question 9

DNA and histone structure?

Answer 9

Eight histone proteins spaced 200 nucleotides apart

Question 10

DNA that is not expressed/transcribed. Does not code for proteins

Answer 10

Heterochromatin

Question 11

DNA that is expressed/transcribed. Codes for proteins or genes

Answer 11

Euchromatin 

Question 12

Similar genes/alleles how long to DNA molecules

Answer 12

Homologous pair

Question 13

Mitosis process

Answer 13

All chromosomes are replicated. Single division creates to 2N cells from 1 2N cell

Question 14

What cells do not perform mitosis?

Answer 14

Gametes and red blood cells

Question 15

Shows 22 pairs of homologous chromosomes, one X, one Y condensed during mitosis

Answer 15

Karyotype

Question 16

5 phases of cell cycle

Answer 16

G1
S
G2
M
C

Question 17

What 3 phases are included in interphase?

Answer 17

G1- Cell growth
S- DNA replication
G2- Chromosomes condense and organelles develop

Question 18

What find sister chromatids together

Answer 18

Cohesion proteins

Question 19

What activates proteins that illuminates the cohesion to separate sister chromatids?

Answer 19

Anaphase promoting

Question 20

What region do the sister chromatids share?

Answer 20

Centromere

Question 21

 Connect centromere to microtubules

Answer 21

 Kinetochore proteins

Question 22

Where are microtubules organized?

Answer 22

Centrioles at each pole of cell

Question 23

5 phases of mitosis

Answer 23

Prophase
Prometaphase/ Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis 

Question 24

Prophase

Answer 24

Chromosomes condense
Centrioles move to each pole
Spindle apparatus assembles (microtubules)
Nuclear envelope dissolves

Question 25

Prometaphase

Answer 25

Chromosomes attached to spindle apparatus by kinetochores Second set of microtubules formed from centrioles to kinetochores Microtubule begin to pull each chromosome toward center of cell

Question 26

Metaphase

Answer 26

Microtubules pull chromosomes to align them at center of cell  sister chromatids lineup with centromere‘s on metaphase plate/equator

Question 27

Anaphase

Answer 27

Remove cohesion using anaphase promoting complex to allow chromatids to separate Microtubules contract pulling sister chromatids towards poles

Question 28

Telophase

Answer 28

Spindle apparatus disassembles Nuclear envelope forms around each set of sister chromatids Chromosomes begin uncoiling Nucleolus reappears around each nucleus

Question 29

What is the term for the shape of the spindle apparatus?

Answer 29

Aster

Question 30

Cytokinesis

Answer 30

Cleavage of cell membranes into halves

Question 31

What is responsible for cytokinesis in animals?

Answer 31

Actin filaments

Question 32

What is responsible for cytokinesis in plants?

Answer 32

Cell plate

Question 33

How does cytokinesis occur in fungi/Protists?

Answer 33

Division of nucleolus

Question 34

Proteins produced during cell cycle

Answer 34

Cyclines

Question 35

Enzymes that drive cell cycle. Activate via phosphorylation when cyclin bonds.

Answer 35

Cycling dependent kinases

Question 36

Three checkpoints

Answer 36

1) G1/S 2) G2/M  3) Late metaphase/spindle

Question 37

G1/S checkpoint

Answer 37

Cell decides to divide. G1 cyclin + Gcd2 = G1/s Cdk

Question 38

G2/M checkpoint

Answer 38

Cell commits to mitosis

Question 39

Late metaphase/spindle checkpoint

Answer 39

Cell ensures chromosomes are attached to spindle before to dividing. Anaphase promoting complex proteins that remove cohesion between chromatids.

Question 40

Trigger intracellular signals that inhibit cell division

Answer 40

Growth factors

Question 41

How is cancer cause?

Answer 41

Cell cycle loses control leading to unregulated, excess cell division

Question 42

What is an example of a growth factor?

Answer 42

Platelet derived growth factor (heal wound)

Question 43

Prevent division of mutated cells

Answer 43

Tumor suppressor genes

Question 44

Code for growth factor or signal transduction proteins. Promote normal cell division.

Answer 44

Proto oncogenes

Question 45

Proto oncogene mutation leads to?

Answer 45

Mutated proto oncogene create oncogenes which caused excess cell division Cause cancer when introduced to a new cell

Question 46

How do you tell the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Answer 46

During metaphase mitosis- diploid number of chromosomes  meiosis- haploid number of chromosomes