Cell Communication Flashcards

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1
Q

Molecules secreted by cells to hit receptors

A

ligand
Cytokine – Immune system
Neurotransmitter – nervous system

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2
Q

Communication between different cells

A

Intracellular signaling

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3
Q

Communication within one cell

A

Intercellular signaling

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4
Q

Cells that release chemical signals or ligands

A

Signaling cells

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5
Q

Molecule that binds to another specific molecule

A

Ligand

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6
Q

Protein that ligand is intended to bind to in or on a cell

A

Receptor

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7
Q

Cell intended to receive ligand via receptor

A

Target cell

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8
Q

Autocrine signaling

A

Cell targets itself

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9
Q

Direct contact

A

Ligand binds to receptor on adjacent cell through gap junction. Ex. Intestines and plants

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10
Q

Paracrine signaling

A

Ligands bind to nearby cells. Typically target adjacent cells. Diffusion through ECM

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11
Q

Endocrine signaling

A

Ligands Target distant cells and are transported via bloodstream. Receptors determine target cells from not target cells

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12
Q

Synaptic signaling

A

Paracrine signaling where nerve cells release neurotransmitters which bind to receptors on nearby nerve or muscle cells

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13
Q

What do insecticides affect?

A

Inhibit synapse receptors from accepting acetylcholine

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14
Q

What kind of response does a cell have when the ligand binds to the receptor?

A

Chemical response

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15
Q

Series of chemical reactions after ligand binds to a receptor

A

Signal transduction

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16
Q

Signal transduction includes

A

Activating or inactivating proteins
 different cells react differently to same ligand

17
Q

Phosphorylation

A

Add phosphate via kinase to activate

18
Q

Kinase enzyme receptor

A

Receptor tyrosine kinase. Receptor is dimerized and autophosphorylated. Phosphate is added to tyrosine on response protein. Receptors move closer as phosphate is added. ex. Epidermal growth factor receptor – wound healing

19
Q

Dephosphorylation

A

Phosphatase enzyme removes phosphate from proteins and deactivates it

20
Q

Integral protein receptors have ______ hydrophobic domains

A

7

21
Q

Two locations for integral protein receptors

A

1) Cell surface/transmembrane (cell specific protein markers) - plasma membrane: signal transduction
2) intracellular/internal/cytoplasmic - inside cell: Respond to hydrophobic ligands. Regulate transcription

22
Q

Three classes/categories of receptors

A

1) Ion channel linked/gated receptors
2) enzymatic receptors
3) G protein coupled receptors

23
Q

Selective ion channels open in response to ligand binding. Contain many hydrophobic amino acid

A

Ion channel linked/gated receptor

24
Q

Receptor is an enzyme or is associated with an enzyme. Enzyme is activated when ligand binds. Both extracellular and intracellular domains

A

Enzymatic receptors

25
Q

Receptors on G protein on guanine triphosphate . G protein activates effector protein (enzyme) When ligand binds, G protein releases a second messenger to generate cellular response

A

G protein coupled receptors

26
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Nonpolar (fat soluble): cross the plasma membrane to reach steroid receptor
Regulate gene expression: Inhibitor block steroid receptor from binding to DNA till hormone moan

27
Q

Three domains on Intracellular receptor

A

Hormone binding
DNA binding
Call activators binding to affect gene expression

28
Q

Small molecules produced by bacteria to regulate gene expression

A

Autoinducers