transcription Flashcards
gene: •Unit of heredity •Segment of DNA on on a chromosome •Genes code for proteins •Sequence of nucleotides determines protein made (1 gene= 1 protein)
gene: •Unit of heredity •Segment of DNA on on a chromosome •Genes code for proteins •Sequence of nucleotides determines protein made (1 gene= 1 protein)
Gene Expression (turning genes on and off)
Prokaryotes
•May only express genes under certain environmental conditions (saves energy)
Eukaryotes
•Environmental conditions
•Cell differentiation
Gene Expression (turning genes on and off)
Prokaryotes
•May only express genes under certain environmental conditions (saves energy)
Eukaryotes
•Environmental conditions
•Cell differentiation
Proteins •\_\_\_ dry mass of most cells •Used for almost everything! •Movement •Structure •Cellular communication •Transport •Defense •Storage •Speed up chemical reactions...
Proteins •50% dry mass of most cells •Used for almost everything! •Movement •Structure •Cellular communication •Transport •Defense •Storage •Speed up chemical reactions...
Proteins
•Subunits of proteins are amino acids
•20 amino acids (with different side chains)
•Polypeptide (protein) is many amino acids linked together
Proteins
•Subunits of proteins are amino acids
•20 amino acids (with different side chains)
•Polypeptide (protein) is many amino acids linked together
Many diseases are caused by misfolded proteins: _____, Huntington’s disease, sicle cell anemia, Albinism
Many diseases are caused by misfolded proteins: cystic fibrosis, Huntington’s disease, sicle cell anemia, Albinism
Misfolding caused by wrong environment conditions(____, _____, acidity, _____), proteins can become denatured(______). Denatured proteins are biologically inactive.
Misfolding caused by wrong environment conditions(high temperature, PH, acidity, radiation), proteins can become denatured(lose their normal structure). Denatured proteins are biologically inactive.
The simplest level of protein structure, primary structure, is simply the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
- Primary: sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide
The simplest level of protein structure, primary structure, is simply the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
In sickle cell anemia, one of the polypeptide chains that make up hemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen in the blood, has a slight sequence change. The glutamate that is normally the seventh amino acid of the hemoglobin β chain (one of two types of protein chains that make up hemoglobin) is replaced by a valine.
In sickle cell anemia, one of the polypeptide chains that make up hemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen in the blood, has a slight sequence change. The glutamate that is normally the seventh amino acid of the hemoglobin β chain (one of two types of protein chains that make up hemoglobin) is replaced by a valine.
secondary structure, refers to local folded structures that form within a polypeptide due to interactions between atoms of the backbone.
Secondary: coils and folds in a polypeptide that result from hydrogen bonds between backbone molecules.
secondary structure, refers to local folded structures that form within a polypeptide due to interactions between atoms of the backbone.
Secondary: coils and folds in a polypeptide that result from hydrogen bonds between backbone molecules.
Tertiary: overall shape of a polypeptide that result from interactions between side chains
The tertiary structure is primarily due to interactions between the R groups of the amino acids that make up the protein.
Tertiary: overall shape of a polypeptide that result from interactions between side chains
The tertiary structure is primarily due to interactions between the R groups of the amino acids that make up the protein.
Quaternary: overall protein structure that results from multiple polypeptide chains (only some proteins)
Quaternary: overall protein structure that results from multiple polypeptide chains (only some proteins)
- The central dogma in biology is the concept that DNA codes for RNA which codes for proteins. One gene codes for one polypeptide.
- Eukaryotic mRNA has to be processed before translation
- prokaryotes’ happen inside of the cytoplasm, for eukaryotes, transcription happened inside nuclear envelop while translation happen in the cytoplasm.
- The central dogma in biology is the concept that DNA codes for RNA which codes for proteins. One gene codes for one polypeptide.
- Eukaryotic mRNA has to be processed before translation
- prokaryotes’ happen inside of the cytoplasm, for eukaryotes, transcription happened inside nuclear envelop while translation happen in the cytoplasm.
In transcription, RNA polymerase binds to a DNA promotor region, pries DNA strands apart, and joins together RNA nucleotides. A DNA strand is used as a template. In mRNA U is substituted for T.
In transcription, RNA polymerase binds to a DNA promotor region, pries DNA strands apart, and joins together RNA nucleotides. A DNA strand is used as a template. In mRNA U is substituted for T.
In eukaryotes, mRNA adds special nucleotides to each end of the mRNA strand, removes introns and joins exons.
In eukaryotes, mRNA adds special nucleotides to each end of the mRNA strand, removes introns and joins exons.
Transcription- synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) using information in DNA
Transcription- synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) using information in DNA
