Transcription Flashcards
1
Q
Biosynthesis of RNA is called
A
transcription
2
Q
Protein synthesis is called
A
translation
3
Q
When DNA is used as a template to produce RNA, that is what you call
A
transcription
4
Q
RNA–>DNA is what you call
A
reverse transcription
5
Q
The central dogma of molecular biology:
A
Information contained in DNA molecules is expressed in
the structure of proteins
because DNA is the genetic material, and it provides
information contained in the DNA molecule per se
and is expressed through the central dogma of
molecular biology
6
Q
TRUE OR FALSE
gene expression is the turning on/ turning point or activation of a gene
A
TRUE
7
Q
How many parent strand is used in DNA replication
A
only one parent strand
8
Q
DNA template will serve as a template as is to produce the needed RNA and that process is called
A
transcription
9
Q
Order of types of RNA used in transcription
A
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA
(miRNA, siRNA, snRNA)
10
Q
primer and primase enzyme is important in
A
DNA replication?
11
Q
a primer is NOT needed for
A
RNA synthesis (transcription)
12
Q
the reaction proceeds
from the ___ direction
A
5’ to 3’ direction
13
Q
The process in which information encoded in a DNA
molecule (coming from the parent strand) is copied into
mRNA molecules
A
Transcription
14
Q
Transcription takes place in the
A
nucleus
15
Q
While DNA replication takes place in
A
Cytoplasm
16
Q
transcription starts when the DNA double Helix
A
begins to unwind near the gene to be transcribed
17
Q
TRUE OR FALSE
during transcriptions, ribonucleotides are
involved not deoxyribonucleotides
A
true
18
Q
deoxyribonucleotides – involved in
A
DNA replication
19
Q
is usually synthesized using a DNA template in the
process called transcription
A
RNA
20
Q
The enzyme that catalyzes the process (transcription) is a
A
DNA dependent RNA polymerase
21
Q
The ribonucleotides has
A
ribose, pyrimidine, purine base,
and must also contain phosphate
22
Q
There are 4 ribonucleotides triphosphates:
A
ATP, GTP, CTP, and UTP – these are required along with
magnesium ion during the process of transcription
23
Q
TRUE OR FALSE
A primer is needed in transcription
A
FALSE
Again, A primer is not needed but in the DNA
template, it is required
24
Q
these are required along with
magnesium ion during the process of transcription
A
4 ribonucleotides triphosphates: ATP, GTP, CTP, and UTP
25
For the case of biosynthesis, the RNA chain grows from
the 5’ to the 3’ end – same for transcription
The 5’ remains its triphosphate group
26
TRUE OR FALSE
The DNA uses one strand as a template for RNA
synthesis
TRUE
27
The base sequence of the DNA contains signal for:
initiation
followed by propagation / elongation
then transcription of RNA synthesis –
28
as template strand for RNA synthesis, the RNA
product sequence matches the other strand of RNA
which is called
coding strand
29
enzymes called ___ catalyze
| transcription
Polymerase
30
Poly I:
Poly II:
Poly III:
Poly I: rRNA formation
Poly II: mRNA formation
Poly III: tRNA formation
31
the locus of
| termination of transcription.
termination site
32
The coding strand is the
3' during the replication process
33
Enzymes that play major role here:
```
o Helicase
o RNA polymerase
Poly I – for rRNA formation
Poly II – for mRNA formation
Poly III – for tRNA formation
```
34
You would observe here a bubble. This serves as the
initiation site
35
this is where the
| nucleotide would come in one after the other.
termination site
36
catalyzed also by RNA
Polymerase, which is about 470,000 Daltons (molecular
mass) with five (5) types of subunits
Prokaryotic transcription
37
five (5) types of subunits in prokaryotic transcription
```
o Two (2) Alpha (α),
o Beta (β)
o Beta-1/Beta prime (β’)
o Sigma (σ)
```
38
RNA polymerase moves along the template strand of DNA
| and produces a complementary strand:
RNA sequence that
| matches the coding strand of the DNA
39
RNA polymerase now recognizes specific DNA sequence
and these are called the
would tell the polymerase which DNA should
be transcribed. It promotes transcription
promoters
40
this region affects the binding to the DNA
promoter region
41
is loosely bound to RNA
polymerase and is involved in promoter recognition at the
recognition site
sigma (σ) subunit
42
Transcription can be further subdivided into (3) three parts:
oInitiation
o Elongation
o Termination
o *Other books may include propagation
43
In Prokaryotes the ____ make up
the core of the enzyme and are very much responsible for
the enzymatic activity that catalyze nucleotide incorporation
subunits of RNA polymerase
44
So which of the DNA strand is used for transcription?
To make any particular RNA product later on, the RNA
polymerase reach one of the DNA strands
(From 3 prime to 5 prime), and produce the RNA from
5 prime to 3 prime.
45
The other strand of DNA is now what you call the
| (yung color green near sa cursor ni Doc)
coding strand
46
Its sequence matches that of the RNA that is
| produced.
coding strand
47
In eukaryotes, the opposite strand is
| often used to produce ____ which function in gene expression
small interfering non-coding RNA
48
In eukaryotes. Three kinds of polymerases catalyze
| transcription.
RNA polymerase I (pol I) catalyzes the formation of
most of the rRNA.
Pol II catalyzes mRNA formation.
Pol III catalyzes tRNA formation as well as ribosomal
subunit.
49
what
| is the molecular mass of rRNA polymerase
about 470,000 Daltons.
50
A eukaryotic gene has two parts
structural gene
| regulatory gene
51
gene that is transcribed into
RNA;
is made of exons
(coding region) and introns (non-coding
region and often times being removed or
spliced).
structural gene
52
gene that controls transcription;
not transcribed but
has control elements, one of which is the promoter.
regulatory gene
53
provides
| the regulatory mechanism. called promoter
regulatory gene
54
is unique to each gene.
promoter
55
here is always a sequence of bases on the
| DNA strand called an
initiation signal
(other
books call is as transcription initiation
site).
56
Promoters also contain
consensus sequence such as TATA box
57
which the nucleotides T and A are repeated many
| times.
consensus sequence--TATA box-- of promoters
58
a DNA sequence near the
transcription start site or TSS (Campbell and
Farrell) that is bound by RNA polymerase
during transcription-initiation process
promoter
59
Promoter is a DNA sequence near the ____ tha tis bound by RNA polymerase
during transcription-initiation process
transcription start site or TSS
60
a promoter is a DNA sequence near the
transcription start site or TSS (Campbell and
Farrell) that is bound by ___ during transcription-initiation process
RNA polymerase
61
These are DNA sequence farther
| away from the start site.
Enhancers
62
A regulatory gene that controls transcription;
the regulatory gene that is not transcribed but
has control elements, one of which is the
promoter
enhancers??
63
They bind proteins
and these are called transcription factors and
stimulate transcription above the base on
effects during the process of transcription
Enhancers
64
stimulate transcription above the base on
| effects during the process of transcription
Enhancers
65
It serves as the promoter region and
| becomes the initiation site
ENhancer
66
The promoters and key elements are
| sequences at regions (2)
-34 region and -10 regions
67
The latter is called the TATA
| box or
```
PRIBNO box (also called the
Goldberg-Hogness box)
```
68
In eukaryotic transcription, RNA
polymerase binds to promoters as
well but there is no
sigma (σ) subunit
Although there is a specific
subunit specified, but it is involved in
the promoter-recognition site
69
A TATA box lies approximately
26 base pairs
| upstream
70
All three RNA polymerases interact with their
| promoter regions via
via transcription factors
| that are binding proteins
71
How does RNA polymerase know where to begin transcription?
In prokaryotes, RNA
polymerase is directed to the
gene to be transcribed by the
interactions between the
polymerase sigma subunit (σ) and sequences of DNA near the site (promoter region).
72
```
After initiation
has taken place, RNA
polymerase zips up the
complementary bases in a
process called
```
elongation or
| propagation
73
involves formation of a phosphate ester bonds
between each ribose and the next phosphate
group.
Elongation
74
the 5’ 3’ direction
A. Elongation
B. Propagation
C. Initiation
A. Elongation
75
At the end of each gene is a
termination sequence
76
4 principal control mechanisms for prokaryotic
| transcription
Sigma (σ) factors
Enhancers and Silencers
Operons
Transcription attenuation
77
o Accounts for what are up regulated or down regulated,
expressed, unexpressed, overexpressed
A. Sigma Factors
B. Enhancers and Silencers
C. Operons
D. Transcription attenuation
B. Enhancers and Silencers
78
o The alternative sigma factors can direct RNA polymerase
to different promoters altering the choice of RNA product
A. Sigma Factors
B. Enhancers and Silencers
C. Operons
D. Transcription attenuation
A. Sigma Factors
79
o Controls transcription after it has begun by adjusting level
of transcription base on the quantity of a related
metabolite
A. Sigma Factors
B. Enhancers and Silencers
C. Operons
D. Transcription attenuation
D. Transcription attenuation
80
o DNA sequences found upstream of promoters that
stimulate or reduce transcription, respectively
o These sequences bind to specific proteins called
transcription factors
A. Sigma Factors
B. Enhancers and Silencers
C. Operons
D. Transcription attenuation
B. Enhancers and Silencers
81
a good example of this is the Trp-Operon
Based on the level of tryptophan
Affects transcription of genes that produce the
enzyme that make tryptophan
A. Sigma Factors
B. Enhancers and Silencers
C. Operons
D. Transcription attenuation
D. Transcription attenuation
82
An example is
o Lactose operon (lac-operon) from Escherichia coli
Common operon produce beta-galactosidase and
other enzymes involved in metabolism of lactose
Galactose – sugar that differs from glucose in carbon
4 (-OH groups point at different directions)
A. Sigma Factors
B. Enhancers and Silencers
C. Operons
D. Transcription attenuation
C. Operons
83
Genes involved in common metabolic process that
are controlled as a group
With an operon, a regulatory gene produces either an
inducer or repressor of the operon
Metabolites act as co-inducers or co-repressors to
affect transcription of structural genes
o Tryptophan operon (Trp-operon)
84
o Tryptophan operon (Trp-operon) is involved in
A. Sigma Factors
B. Enhancers and Silencers
C. Operons
D. Transcription attenuation
C. Operons
| D. Transcription attenuation
85
3 types of RNA polymerases in Eukaryotic Transcription
and other elements
Poly 1 - rRNA
Poly II - mRNA
Poly III - tRNA
TATA box
o Resides in the -25 region
o Important promoter element
6 general
transcription factors involved in forming initiation complex
Enhancers and Silencers
86
Element in eukaryotic transcription
o Resides in the -25 region
o Important promoter element
TATA box
87
TRUE OR FALSE
Organization of promoters and enhancers are more
complicated in prokaryotes
FALSE
Organization of promoters and enhancers are more
complicated in eukaryotes
88
TRUE OR FALSE
o Many control mechanisms are based on response
elements
TRUE
89
- react to metabolic signals like heat, heavy
| metals, and cyclic AMP (cAMP) molecules
ENHANCERS
90
TRUE OR FALSE
In prokaryotic transcription
There is the involvement of small noncoding RNA
FALSE
In eukaryotic transcription
91
Element of eukaryotic transcription that
o Creates a new layer of transcription control
o Binds to template strand and cause inhibition of
transcription
small noncoding RNA
92
TRUE OR FALSE
The RNA products of transcription are not necessarily
functional RNAs.
TRUE
93
RNA products of transcription are made functional by
post-transcription
| modification.
94
Transcribed mRNA is capped at
both ends
95
Inhibition of transcription is the role of the
small noncoding RNA
96
```
are proteins that bind to DNA and
often have recognizable structural motifs that exhibit the
following:
Helix-turn-helix
zinc finger
basic region leucine finger/zipper
```
Transcription factors
97
transcription factors bound to DNA are structural motifs that exhibit the
following:
Helix-turn-helix (major structural motif capable of binding
DNA)
```
zinc finger (small protein structural motif that is
characterized by the coordination of one or more zinc
ions (Zn2+) to stabilize the fold)
```
basic refion leucine finger/zipper
98
many RNA molecules are modified often extensively before
| they arrive at their final form through
Post-transcription
| modification
99
TRUE OR FALSE
there are several modifications that are common with tRNA
and rRNA
TRUE
100
messenger RNA (mRNA) is modified by putting a cap on the
5' end and the polyA tail on the 3' end
101
The 5’ end acquires a:
The 3’ end acquires a:
The 5’ end acquires a: methylated guanine (7-mG-cap).
The 3’ end acquires a: polyA tail that may contain from 100 to 200 adenine residues
102
TRUE OR FALSE
| Once the two ends are capped, the exons are spliced out
FALSE
Once the two ends are capped, the introns are spliced out
103
mRNA is also modified by the removal of intervening
| sequences called
Introns
104
splicing of introns depends on a separate type of RNA called the
small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs)
105
alternative splicing of mRNA helps account the fact that
there are more proteins produced in eukaryotes than
| these are separated genes
106
different types of post-transcription modification:
o capping
o methylation
o formation/addition of polyA tail
o splicing
107
o DNA coding strand consists of the following:
Promoter region
Repeating units of the Gene: Exon 1, Intron, Exon 2,
Intron, Exon 3, Intron, Exon 4, Intron
108
towards the initiation site, it consists of two (2) very
| important regions:
TATA box (also called Data Region, GoldbergHogness box, or Pribnow box)
Initiation site
109
mRNA will aid the transcription by
producing a new
transcript
coupled with several modification/processing such as
the capping, methylation, polyA addition, splicing)
110
After a series of processing, from the mRNA
| Transcript, it is now converted into a
mature mRNA
111
consists of 100-200 polynucleotides
Introns are spliced/removed that is why only exons
are seen
7-mG Cap
112
types of RNA that participate in translation
mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA
tRNA is a VIP in translation
113
Protein synthesis takes place on
ribosomes
114
the sites for protein synthesis
ribosomes
115
DNA replication takes place in the
cytoplasm
116
Transcription takes place in the
nucleus
117
TRUE OR FALSE
| A ribosome dissociates into a larger and a smaller body.
TRUE
118
In higher organisms, including humans, the larger body if ribosome is
called a
the smaller body is called a __
ribosome
60S
40S
119
The 5’ end of the mature mRNA is bonded to the __
| ribosome and this unit then joined to the __ ribosome.
The 5’ end of the mature mRNA is bonded to the 40S
| ribosome and this unit then joined to the 60S ribosome.
120
Together the 40S and 60S ribosomes form a unit on which
mRNA is stretched out.
121
Triplets of bases on mRNA are called
codons
122
- start codon
Cannot initiate translation without this
AUG (methionine)
123
The 20 amino acids are then brought to the mRNA-ribosome
| complex, each amino acid by its own particular
tRNA
124
TRUE OR FALSE
Each tRNA is specific for only one amino acid.
125
Each cell carries at least 20 specific enzymes, each
specific
| for one amino acid.
126
Each enzyme recognizes how many tRNA
only one tRNA.
127
The enzyme bonds the activated amino acid to the 3’terminal
| -OH group of the appropriate tRNA by what bond
an ester bond.
128
At the opposite end of the tRNA molecule is a
codon
| recognition site.
129
The codon recognition site is a sequence of three bases
| called
anticodon
130
This triplet of bases aligns itself in what fashion
complementary
| to the codon triplet on mRNA
131
If mRNA is polyU what is formed
polyPhe
132
the triplet UUU,
| therefore, must code for
Phe
133
If mRNA is poly ---ACACAC--- what is formed
poly(Thr-His)
134
ACA must code for
Thr
135
CAC must code for
His
