Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biochemistry Lecture > Transcription > Flashcards

Transcription Flashcards

1
Q

Biosynthesis of RNA is called

A

transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Protein synthesis is called

A

translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When DNA is used as a template to produce RNA, that is what you call

A

transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

RNA–>DNA is what you call

A

reverse transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The central dogma of molecular biology:

A

Information contained in DNA molecules is expressed in
the structure of proteins

 because DNA is the genetic material, and it provides
information contained in the DNA molecule per se
and is expressed through the central dogma of
molecular biology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

gene expression is the turning on/ turning point or activation of a gene

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How many parent strand is used in DNA replication

A

only one parent strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

DNA template will serve as a template as is to produce the needed RNA and that process is called

A

transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Order of types of RNA used in transcription

A

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA
(miRNA, siRNA, snRNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

primer and primase enzyme is important in

A

DNA replication?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

a primer is NOT needed for

A

RNA synthesis (transcription)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

the reaction proceeds

from the ___ direction

A

5’ to 3’ direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The process in which information encoded in a DNA
molecule (coming from the parent strand) is copied into
mRNA molecules

A

Transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Transcription takes place in the

A

nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

While DNA replication takes place in

A

Cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

transcription starts when the DNA double Helix

A

begins to unwind near the gene to be transcribed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

during transcriptions, ribonucleotides are
involved not deoxyribonucleotides

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

deoxyribonucleotides – involved in

A

DNA replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

is usually synthesized using a DNA template in the

process called transcription

A

RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The enzyme that catalyzes the process (transcription) is a

A

DNA dependent RNA polymerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The ribonucleotides has

A

ribose, pyrimidine, purine base,

and must also contain phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

There are 4 ribonucleotides triphosphates:

A

ATP, GTP, CTP, and UTP – these are required along with

magnesium ion during the process of transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

A primer is needed in transcription

A

FALSE
 Again, A primer is not needed but in the DNA
template, it is required

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

these are required along with

magnesium ion during the process of transcription

A

4 ribonucleotides triphosphates: ATP, GTP, CTP, and UTP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

For the case of biosynthesis, the RNA chain grows from

A

the 5’ to the 3’ end – same for transcription

The 5’ remains its triphosphate group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
The DNA uses one strand as a template for RNA
synthesis

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The base sequence of the DNA contains signal for:

A

 initiation
 followed by propagation / elongation
 then transcription of RNA synthesis –

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

as template strand for RNA synthesis, the RNA
product sequence matches the other strand of RNA
which is called

A

coding strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

enzymes called ___ catalyze

transcription

A

Polymerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Poly I:
Poly II:
Poly III:

A

Poly I: rRNA formation
Poly II: mRNA formation
Poly III: tRNA formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

the locus of

termination of transcription.

A

termination site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The coding strand is the

A

3’ during the replication process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Enzymes that play major role here:

A 
o Helicase
o RNA polymerase
 Poly I – for rRNA formation
 Poly II – for mRNA formation
 Poly III – for tRNA formation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

You would observe here a bubble. This serves as the

A

initiation site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

this is where the

nucleotide would come in one after the other.

A

termination site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

catalyzed also by RNA
Polymerase, which is about 470,000 Daltons (molecular
mass) with five (5) types of subunits

A

 Prokaryotic transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

five (5) types of subunits in prokaryotic transcription

A 
o Two (2) Alpha (α),
o Beta (β)
o Beta-1/Beta prime (β’)
o Sigma (σ)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

RNA polymerase moves along the template strand of DNA

and produces a complementary strand:

A

RNA sequence that

matches the coding strand of the DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

RNA polymerase now recognizes specific DNA sequence
and these are called the

would tell the polymerase which DNA should
be transcribed. It promotes transcription

A

promoters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

this region affects the binding to the DNA

A

promoter region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

is loosely bound to RNA
polymerase and is involved in promoter recognition at the
recognition site

A

sigma (σ) subunit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Transcription can be further subdivided into (3) three parts:

A

oInitiation
o Elongation
o Termination
o *Other books may include propagation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

In Prokaryotes the ____ make up
the core of the enzyme and are very much responsible for
the enzymatic activity that catalyze nucleotide incorporation

A

subunits of RNA polymerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

So which of the DNA strand is used for transcription?

A

To make any particular RNA product later on, the RNA
polymerase reach one of the DNA strands
(From 3 prime to 5 prime), and produce the RNA from
5 prime to 3 prime.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

The other strand of DNA is now what you call the

(yung color green near sa cursor ni Doc)

A

coding strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Its sequence matches that of the RNA that is

produced.

A

coding strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

In eukaryotes, the opposite strand is

often used to produce ____ which function in gene expression

A

small interfering non-coding RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

In eukaryotes. Three kinds of polymerases catalyze

transcription.

A

 RNA polymerase I (pol I) catalyzes the formation of
most of the rRNA.
 Pol II catalyzes mRNA formation.
 Pol III catalyzes tRNA formation as well as ribosomal
subunit.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what

is the molecular mass of rRNA polymerase

A

about 470,000 Daltons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

A eukaryotic gene has two parts

A

structural gene

regulatory gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

gene that is transcribed into
RNA;

is made of exons
(coding region) and introns (non-coding
region and often times being removed or
spliced).

A

structural gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

gene that controls transcription;

not transcribed but
has control elements, one of which is the promoter.

A

regulatory gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

provides

the regulatory mechanism. called promoter

A

regulatory gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

is unique to each gene.

A

promoter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

here is always a sequence of bases on the

DNA strand called an

A

initiation signal
(other
books call is as transcription initiation
site).

56
Q

Promoters also contain

A

consensus sequence such as TATA box

57
Q

which the nucleotides T and A are repeated many

times.

A

consensus sequence–TATA box– of promoters

58
Q

a DNA sequence near the
transcription start site or TSS (Campbell and
Farrell) that is bound by RNA polymerase
during transcription-initiation process

A

promoter

59
Q

Promoter is a DNA sequence near the ____ tha tis bound by RNA polymerase
during transcription-initiation process

A

transcription start site or TSS

60
Q

a promoter is a DNA sequence near the
transcription start site or TSS (Campbell and
Farrell) that is bound by ___ during transcription-initiation process

A

RNA polymerase

61
Q

These are DNA sequence farther

away from the start site.

A

Enhancers

62
Q

A regulatory gene that controls transcription;
the regulatory gene that is not transcribed but
has control elements, one of which is the

A

promoter

enhancers??

63
Q

They bind proteins
and these are called transcription factors and
stimulate transcription above the base on
effects during the process of transcription

A

Enhancers

64
Q

stimulate transcription above the base on

effects during the process of transcription

A

Enhancers

65
Q

It serves as the promoter region and

becomes the initiation site

A

ENhancer

66
Q

The promoters and key elements are

sequences at regions (2)

A

-34 region and -10 regions

67
Q

The latter is called the TATA

box or

A 
PRIBNO box (also called the
Goldberg-Hogness box)
68
Q

In eukaryotic transcription, RNA
polymerase binds to promoters as
well but there is no

A

sigma (σ) subunit

Although there is a specific
subunit specified, but it is involved in
the promoter-recognition site

69
Q

A TATA box lies approximately

A

26 base pairs

upstream

70
Q

All three RNA polymerases interact with their

promoter regions via

A

via transcription factors

that are binding proteins

71
Q

How does RNA polymerase know where to begin transcription?

In prokaryotes, RNA
polymerase is directed to the
gene to be transcribed by the
interactions between the

A

polymerase sigma subunit (σ) and sequences of DNA near the site (promoter region).

72
Q 
After initiation
has taken place, RNA
polymerase zips up the
complementary bases in a
process called
A

elongation or

propagation

73
Q

involves formation of a phosphate ester bonds
between each ribose and the next phosphate
group.

A

Elongation

74
Q

the 5’  3’ direction

A. Elongation
B. Propagation
C. Initiation

A

A. Elongation

75
Q

At the end of each gene is a

A

termination sequence

76
Q

4 principal control mechanisms for prokaryotic

transcription

A

 Sigma (σ) factors
 Enhancers and Silencers
 Operons
 Transcription attenuation

77
Q

o Accounts for what are up regulated or down regulated,
expressed, unexpressed, overexpressed

A. Sigma Factors
B. Enhancers and Silencers
C. Operons
D. Transcription attenuation

A

B. Enhancers and Silencers

78
Q

o The alternative sigma factors can direct RNA polymerase
to different promoters altering the choice of RNA product

A. Sigma Factors
B. Enhancers and Silencers
C. Operons
D. Transcription attenuation

A

A. Sigma Factors

79
Q

o Controls transcription after it has begun by adjusting level
of transcription base on the quantity of a related
metabolite

A. Sigma Factors
B. Enhancers and Silencers
C. Operons
D. Transcription attenuation

A

D. Transcription attenuation

80
Q

o DNA sequences found upstream of promoters that
stimulate or reduce transcription, respectively
o These sequences bind to specific proteins called
transcription factors

A. Sigma Factors
B. Enhancers and Silencers
C. Operons
D. Transcription attenuation

A

B. Enhancers and Silencers

81
Q

a good example of this is the Trp-Operon

 Based on the level of tryptophan
 Affects transcription of genes that produce the
enzyme that make tryptophan

A. Sigma Factors
B. Enhancers and Silencers
C. Operons
D. Transcription attenuation

A

D. Transcription attenuation

82
Q

An example is
o Lactose operon (lac-operon) from Escherichia coli
 Common operon produce beta-galactosidase and
other enzymes involved in metabolism of lactose
 Galactose – sugar that differs from glucose in carbon
4 (-OH groups point at different directions)

A. Sigma Factors
B. Enhancers and Silencers
C. Operons
D. Transcription attenuation

A

C. Operons

83
Q

 Genes involved in common metabolic process that
are controlled as a group
 With an operon, a regulatory gene produces either an
inducer or repressor of the operon
 Metabolites act as co-inducers or co-repressors to
affect transcription of structural genes

A

o Tryptophan operon (Trp-operon)

84
Q

o Tryptophan operon (Trp-operon) is involved in

A. Sigma Factors
B. Enhancers and Silencers
C. Operons
D. Transcription attenuation

A

C. Operons

D. Transcription attenuation

85
Q

3 types of RNA polymerases in Eukaryotic Transcription

and other elements

A

Poly 1 - rRNA
Poly II - mRNA
Poly III - tRNA

TATA box
o Resides in the -25 region
o Important promoter element

6 general
transcription factors involved in forming initiation complex

Enhancers and Silencers

86
Q

Element in eukaryotic transcription

o Resides in the -25 region
o Important promoter element

A

 TATA box

87
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
Organization of promoters and enhancers are more
complicated in prokaryotes

A

FALSE

Organization of promoters and enhancers are more
complicated in eukaryotes

88
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
o Many control mechanisms are based on response
elements

A

TRUE

89
Q
  • react to metabolic signals like heat, heavy

metals, and cyclic AMP (cAMP) molecules

A

ENHANCERS

90
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
In prokaryotic transcription

There is the involvement of small noncoding RNA

A

FALSE

In eukaryotic transcription

91
Q

Element of eukaryotic transcription that

o Creates a new layer of transcription control
o Binds to template strand and cause inhibition of
transcription

A

small noncoding RNA

92
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

The RNA products of transcription are not necessarily
functional RNAs.

A

TRUE

93
Q

RNA products of transcription are made functional by

A

post-transcription

modification.

94
Q

 Transcribed mRNA is capped at

A

both ends

95
Q

Inhibition of transcription is the role of the

A

small noncoding RNA

96
Q 
are proteins that bind to DNA and
often have recognizable structural motifs that exhibit the
following: 
Helix-turn-helix
zinc finger
basic region leucine finger/zipper
A

Transcription factors

97
Q

transcription factors bound to DNA are structural motifs that exhibit the
following:

A

Helix-turn-helix (major structural motif capable of binding
DNA)

zinc finger (small protein structural motif that is
characterized by the coordination of one or more zinc
ions (Zn2+) to stabilize the fold)

basic refion leucine finger/zipper

98
Q

many RNA molecules are modified often extensively before

they arrive at their final form through

A

Post-transcription

modification

99
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

there are several modifications that are common with tRNA
and rRNA

A

TRUE

100
Q

messenger RNA (mRNA) is modified by putting a cap on the

A

5’ end and the polyA tail on the 3’ end

101
Q

The 5’ end acquires a:

The 3’ end acquires a:

A

The 5’ end acquires a: methylated guanine (7-mG-cap).

The 3’ end acquires a: polyA tail that may contain from 100 to 200 adenine residues

102
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Once the two ends are capped, the exons are spliced out

A

FALSE

Once the two ends are capped, the introns are spliced out

103
Q

mRNA is also modified by the removal of intervening

sequences called

A

Introns

104
Q

splicing of introns depends on a separate type of RNA called the

A

small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs)

105
Q

alternative splicing of mRNA helps account the fact that

A

there are more proteins produced in eukaryotes than

these are separated genes

106
Q

different types of post-transcription modification:

A

o capping
o methylation
o formation/addition of polyA tail
o splicing

107
Q

o DNA coding strand consists of the following:

A

 Promoter region

 Repeating units of the Gene: Exon 1, Intron, Exon 2,
Intron, Exon 3, Intron, Exon 4, Intron

108
Q

towards the initiation site, it consists of two (2) very

important regions:

A

 TATA box (also called Data Region, GoldbergHogness box, or Pribnow box)
 Initiation site

109
Q

mRNA will aid the transcription by

A

producing a new
transcript
 coupled with several modification/processing such as
the capping, methylation, polyA addition, splicing)

110
Q

After a series of processing, from the mRNA

Transcript, it is now converted into a

A

mature mRNA

111
Q

consists of 100-200 polynucleotides

 Introns are spliced/removed that is why only exons
are seen

A

7-mG Cap

112
Q

types of RNA that participate in translation

A

mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA

tRNA is a VIP in translation

113
Q

Protein synthesis takes place on

A

ribosomes

114
Q

the sites for protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

115
Q

DNA replication takes place in the

A

cytoplasm

116
Q

Transcription takes place in the

A

nucleus

117
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

A ribosome dissociates into a larger and a smaller body.

A

TRUE

118
Q

In higher organisms, including humans, the larger body if ribosome is
called a

the smaller body is called a __
ribosome

A

60S

40S

119
Q

The 5’ end of the mature mRNA is bonded to the __

ribosome and this unit then joined to the __ ribosome.

A

The 5’ end of the mature mRNA is bonded to the 40S

ribosome and this unit then joined to the 60S ribosome.

120
Q

Together the 40S and 60S ribosomes form a unit on which

A

mRNA is stretched out.

121
Q

Triplets of bases on mRNA are called

A

codons

122
Q
  • start codon

Cannot initiate translation without this

A

AUG (methionine)

123
Q

The 20 amino acids are then brought to the mRNA-ribosome

complex, each amino acid by its own particular

A

tRNA

124
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

A

Each tRNA is specific for only one amino acid.

125
Q

Each cell carries at least 20 specific enzymes, each

A

specific

for one amino acid.

126
Q

Each enzyme recognizes how many tRNA

A

only one tRNA.

127
Q

The enzyme bonds the activated amino acid to the 3’terminal

-OH group of the appropriate tRNA by what bond

A

an ester bond.

128
Q

At the opposite end of the tRNA molecule is a

A

codon

recognition site.

129
Q

The codon recognition site is a sequence of three bases

called

A

anticodon

130
Q

This triplet of bases aligns itself in what fashion

A

complementary

to the codon triplet on mRNA

131
Q

If mRNA is polyU what is formed

A

polyPhe

132
Q

the triplet UUU,

therefore, must code for

A

Phe

133
Q

If mRNA is poly —ACACAC— what is formed

A

poly(Thr-His)

134
Q

ACA must code for

A

Thr

135
Q

CAC must code for

A

His

Biochemistry Lecture (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions