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Biochemistry Lecture > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

sum of all chemical reactions involved in maintaining the dynamic state of a cell or organism

A

Metabolism

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2
Q

o sum of catabolism and anabolism

A

Metabolism

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3
Q

series of biochemical reactions

A

Pathway

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4
Q

process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones with concurrent production of energy

A

Catabolism

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5
Q

Catabolic pathway is also called the

A

Oxidation pathway

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6
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

 The conversion of big biomolecules into smaller molecules is not the end.

A

TRUE

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7
Q

process of synthesizing large molecules from smaller ones.

A

o Anabolism

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8
Q

Anabolic pathway is also called the

A

Reducing pathway

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9
Q

Monosaccharides

Partial oxidation:
Complete oxidation:

A

Partial oxidation: CHOH

Complete oxidation: CO2 -FULLY OXIDIZED (generation of energy)

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10
Q

T OR F

In reduction there is generation of energy

A

FALSE

In Reduction there is CONSUMPTION of energy since you are forming C-H bonds in the process

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11
Q

2 primary biomolecules that we use for energy.

A

Triglycerides and polysaccharides (Carbs and Fats)

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12
Q

T OR F

Proteins are not sources of energy

A

TRUE

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13
Q

pathway that involves the formation of new -CH bonds

A

Anabolic pathway / Reducing pathway

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14
Q

the common metabolic cycle by which both carbs and fats would become carbon dioxide

A

Krebb cycle or Citric acid cycle

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15
Q

T OR F

There would always be reducing reaction before we can have the fully oxidized carbon dioxide

A

TRUE (REDOX)

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16
Q

What are the reducing equivalents / Reducing power

A

NADH+H
FADH2 (REDUCED FORMS)

Meaning electrons were taken by these forms (accepted 2 e-)

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17
Q

Oxidized and reduced form of the reducing equivalents

A

Oxidized forms
NAD+ (accepts 2 e-)
FAD (accepts 2 e-)

Reduced forms
NADH+H
FADH2

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18
Q

reducing equivalents / Reducing power were the consequence of the

A

production of carbon dioxide in the oxidation process

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19
Q

Would be reduced later on

A. Oxidizing agent
B. Reducing agent

A

A. Oxidizing agent

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20
Q

Would be oxidized later on

A

B. Reducing agent

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21
Q

The electron from the reduced form or the reducing equivalents will be channeled to

A

Electron transport chain

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22
Q

SEries of redox reaction happens in the

A

Electron transport chain

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23
Q

Mechanism of electron transport chain

A

they will create a proton reagent inside the mitochondria then the proton reagent will power the enzyme to produce ATP/ energy

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24
Q

What will generate more energy (ATP)?

A. Oxidative phosphorylation
B. Substrate-level phosphorylation

A

A. Oxidative phosphorylation

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25
Organelles in which the common catabolic pathway takes place in higher organisms
Mitochondria
26
Krebb cycle happens in what part of the mitochondria
Matrix
27
Where replication of DNA takes place.
o Nucleus
28
Remove damaged cellular components and some unwanted foreign materials.
o Lysosomes
29
Package and process proteins for secretion and delivery to other cellular components
o Golgi bodies
30
The two parts to the common catabolic pathway:
o The citric acid cycle, also called the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) or Krebs cycle. o Electron transport chain and phosphorylation, together called oxidative phosphorylation.
31
Four principal compounds participating in the common catabolic pathway are:
o AMP, ADP, and ATP o NAD+/NADH: o FAD/FADH2: o Coenzyme A; CoA or CoA-SH:
32
agents for the storage and transfer of phosphate groups.
o AMP, ADP, and ATP
33
agents for the transfer of electrons in biological oxidation-reduction reactions.
o NAD+/NADH | o FAD/FADH2:
34
An agent for the transfer of acetyl groups.
o Coenzyme A;
35
the most important compound involved in the transfer of phosphate groups.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
36
contains two phosphoric anhydride bonds and one phosphoric ester bond
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
37
a nucleotide. It has a base, a sugar, and a phosphate. But the hydrolysis of this phosphate here generates for us a lot of energy. That’s it’s known as the energy currency of the cell
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
38
a biological oxidizing agent.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)
39
a two-electron oxidizing agent, and is reduced to NADH. reduced to FADH2
NAD+ FAD
40
How many electrons can NAD+ and FAD can carry
2 electrons per molecule
41
an electron and hydrogen ion transporting molecule.
NADH
42
a biological oxidizing agent.
• Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
43
Riboflavin also refers to
FAD it has flavin and ribitol
44
a two-electron reducing agent, and is oxidized to FAD.
FADH2
45
T OR F Coenzyme A contains -SH sulfhydryl group
TRUE
46
• Like NAD+ and FAD, coenzyme A contains a unit of
ADP
47
• The vitamin part of coenzyme A
pantothenic acid.
48
• The acetyl group of acetyl CoA is bound as a
high-energy thioester.
49
We use this molecule to activate substances
coenzyme A
50
the term used to form ATP from ADP.
phosphorylation
51
Two types of phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation substrate-level phosphorylation
52
the direct transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate or metabolite in the pathway to form ATP
substrate-level phosphorylation
53
what is/are generated in substrate-level phosphorylation?
1 ATP
54
Example of substrate-level phosphorylation
glycolysis
55
What is/are generated in oxidative phosphorylation?
average of 2.5 ATPs | average of 1.5 FADH2
56
in Oxidative phosphorylation the phosphorylation in this step or reaction is coupled to the generation of
electrons in the REDOX reaction
57
The step/reaction does not directly transfer phosphate groups to ADP to form ATP but since it is a redox reaction, electrons from the reaction will be carried by either NAD+ (as NADH + H+) or FAD (as FADH2)
Oxidative phosphorylation
58
Mechanism of Oxidative phosphorylation
The electrons are brought to the inner mitochondrial membrane and transferred to the electron transport chain (ETC) where ATP is generated.
59
Example of oxidative phosphorylation
malic acid
60
What are some of the catabolic pathways that help generate energy for the cell?
Glycolysis Beta oxidation of fatty acids from fats to TAGs (triglycerols)
61
Main metabolite of carbohydrates
Glucose fructose and galactose and other forms of monosaccharide will only be converted into glucose
62
T OR F | Glycolysis is a anabolic pathway
FALSE Glycolysis is a catabolic pathway Degradation of carbohydrates/sugar
63
From the haworth formula, the glucose common structure resembles which is why it's also called
cyclic structure - pyran ring pyranose
64
A series of 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions by which glucose is oxidized to two molecules of pyruvate.
Glycolysis:
65
T OR F Phosphorylation is a reversible reaction
FALSE Irreversible reaction
66
First reaction of glycolysis
Phosphorylation of alpha-D-glucose (an anomer of glucose predominant in our diet) THIS IS AN INVESTMENT PHASE
67
Mechanism of the phosphorylation of alpha-D-glucose
a phosphate group from the ATP will be transferred by the enzyme hexokinase to the alpha-D-glucose (INVESTMENT PHASE) an IRREVERSIBLE reaction Donor: ATP Acceptor: Glucose
68
Products of the first reaction
alpha-D-Glucose-6-phosphate ADP
69
process of formation of glucose
Gluconeogenesis
70
T OR F In gluconeogenesis the sources are glucose
FALSE NON-CARBOHYDRATE sources like glycerol
71
Second reaction of glycolysis
Isomerization of α-D-glucose 6-phosphate to α-D-fructose 6-phosphate.
72
Hierarchy of carbohydrates glucose is a fructose is a
glucose is a aldose fructose is a ketone/ketose
73
difference of aldose and ketose
aldose (has aldehyde) only one functional group ketose (has ketone) has TWO functional groups
74
T OR F glucose and fructose are functional isomers of one another
TRUE
75
the interconversion or isomerization wherein the aldehyde is converted to ketone and it can be vice versa
tautomerism
76
What is the reaction 3
Phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate
77
T OR F | Phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate is a reversible reaction
FALSE Irreversible reaction
78
The step: Phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate is also known as
committed step meaning this is the control/regulated region or control part of the pathway
79
what is the enzyme used in the Phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate
PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE
80
T OR F | Phosphofructokinase is a regulatory enzyme
TRUE which is why the third step is also called the control/regulated region because its influenced by substances (meaning it can be inhibited or enhanced if ATP is needed or if it's too much already)
81
What is the reaction 4
Cleavage of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to two triose phosphates.
82
T OR F | Cleavage of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to two triose phosphates is reversible
TRUE REVERSIBLE REACTION
83
What is the final product of glycolysis?
PYRUVATE
84
T OR F DHAP is converted to pyruvate as the final product
FALSE G3P is converted to pyruvate DHAP is converted to G3P
85
What is converted in the isomerization of the triose phosphate
Dihydroxyacetone (DHAP) --> G3P
86
Anaerobic glycolysis product
lactate REDUCTIVE
87
Aerobic oxidation product
6 CO2 and 6 H2O
88
Anaerobic alcoholic fermentation products
2 CO2 and 2 ethanol REDUCTIVE
89
responsible for the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-coa
dehydrogenase complex (overall reaction)
90
Products of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
ACETYL-COA CO2 NADH+H+
91
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex happens in the
mitochondrion Mitochondrial matrix
92
glycolysis happens in the
cytosol
93
T OR F TCA cycle is amphibolic
TRUE the pathway plays a role in both catabolism and anabolism.
94
Why is the kreb's cycle also called the tricarboxylic acid cycle?
BEcause of the Step 1 production of CITRATE which has 3 carboxyl groups in the citric acid
95
T OR F Citrate and aconitate are achiral; neither has a stereocenter.
TRUE which is why in the second step it will be transformed into isocitrate which is chiral
96
T OR F Citrate have 2 stereocenters and 4 stereoisomers are possible
FALSE ISOCITRATE HAVE 2 stereocenters and 4 stereoisomers are possible
97
1 NADH+H+ is equivalent to how many ATP after ETC
2.5 or 3 ATPs
98
1 FADH2 is equivalent to how many ATP after ETC
1.5 or 2 ATPs

Biochemistry Lecture (8 decks)

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