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Biochemistry Lecture > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

sum of all chemical reactions involved in maintaining the dynamic state of a cell or organism

A

Metabolism

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2
Q

o sum of catabolism and anabolism

A

Metabolism

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3
Q

series of biochemical reactions

A

Pathway

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4
Q

process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones with concurrent production of energy

A

Catabolism

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5
Q

Catabolic pathway is also called the

A

Oxidation pathway

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6
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

 The conversion of big biomolecules into smaller molecules is not the end.

A

TRUE

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7
Q

process of synthesizing large molecules from smaller ones.

A

o Anabolism

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8
Q

Anabolic pathway is also called the

A

Reducing pathway

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9
Q

Monosaccharides

Partial oxidation:
Complete oxidation:

A

Partial oxidation: CHOH

Complete oxidation: CO2 -FULLY OXIDIZED (generation of energy)

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10
Q

T OR F

In reduction there is generation of energy

A

FALSE

In Reduction there is CONSUMPTION of energy since you are forming C-H bonds in the process

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11
Q

2 primary biomolecules that we use for energy.

A

Triglycerides and polysaccharides (Carbs and Fats)

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12
Q

T OR F

Proteins are not sources of energy

A

TRUE

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13
Q

pathway that involves the formation of new -CH bonds

A

Anabolic pathway / Reducing pathway

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14
Q

the common metabolic cycle by which both carbs and fats would become carbon dioxide

A

Krebb cycle or Citric acid cycle

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15
Q

T OR F

There would always be reducing reaction before we can have the fully oxidized carbon dioxide

A

TRUE (REDOX)

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16
Q

What are the reducing equivalents / Reducing power

A

NADH+H
FADH2 (REDUCED FORMS)

Meaning electrons were taken by these forms (accepted 2 e-)

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17
Q

Oxidized and reduced form of the reducing equivalents

A

Oxidized forms
NAD+ (accepts 2 e-)
FAD (accepts 2 e-)

Reduced forms
NADH+H
FADH2

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18
Q

reducing equivalents / Reducing power were the consequence of the

A

production of carbon dioxide in the oxidation process

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19
Q

Would be reduced later on

A. Oxidizing agent
B. Reducing agent

A

A. Oxidizing agent

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20
Q

Would be oxidized later on

A

B. Reducing agent

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21
Q

The electron from the reduced form or the reducing equivalents will be channeled to

A

Electron transport chain

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22
Q

SEries of redox reaction happens in the

A

Electron transport chain

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23
Q

Mechanism of electron transport chain

A

they will create a proton reagent inside the mitochondria then the proton reagent will power the enzyme to produce ATP/ energy

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24
Q

What will generate more energy (ATP)?

A. Oxidative phosphorylation
B. Substrate-level phosphorylation

A

A. Oxidative phosphorylation

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25
Q

Organelles in which the common catabolic pathway takes place in higher organisms

A

Mitochondria

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26
Q

Krebb cycle happens in what part of the mitochondria

A

Matrix

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27
Q

Where replication of DNA takes place.

A

o Nucleus

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28
Q

Remove damaged cellular components and some unwanted foreign materials.

A

o Lysosomes

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29
Q

Package and process proteins for secretion and delivery to other cellular components

A

o Golgi bodies

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30
Q

The two parts to the common catabolic pathway:

A

o The citric acid cycle, also called the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) or Krebs cycle.

o Electron transport chain and phosphorylation, together called oxidative phosphorylation.

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31
Q

Four principal compounds participating in the common catabolic pathway are:

A

o AMP, ADP, and ATP
o NAD+/NADH:
o FAD/FADH2:
o Coenzyme A; CoA or CoA-SH:

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32
Q

agents for the storage and transfer of phosphate groups.

A

o AMP, ADP, and ATP

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33
Q

agents for the transfer of electrons in biological oxidation-reduction reactions.

A

o NAD+/NADH

o FAD/FADH2:

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34
Q

An agent for the transfer of acetyl groups.

A

o Coenzyme A;

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35
Q

the most important compound involved in the transfer of phosphate groups.

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

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36
Q

contains two phosphoric anhydride bonds and one phosphoric ester bond

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

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37
Q

a nucleotide. It has a base, a sugar, and a phosphate. But the hydrolysis of this phosphate here generates for us a lot of energy. That’s it’s known as the energy currency of the cell

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

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38
Q

a biological oxidizing agent.

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)

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39
Q

a two-electron oxidizing agent, and is reduced to NADH.

reduced to FADH2

A

NAD+

FAD

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40
Q

How many electrons can NAD+ and FAD can carry

A

2 electrons per molecule

41
Q

an electron and hydrogen ion transporting molecule.

A

NADH

42
Q

a biological oxidizing agent.

A

• Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

43
Q

Riboflavin also refers to

A

FAD

it has flavin and ribitol

44
Q

a two-electron reducing agent, and is oxidized to FAD.

A

FADH2

45
Q

T OR F

Coenzyme A contains -SH sulfhydryl group

A

TRUE

46
Q

• Like NAD+ and FAD, coenzyme A contains a unit of

A

ADP

47
Q

• The vitamin part of coenzyme A

A

pantothenic acid.

48
Q

• The acetyl group of acetyl CoA is bound as a

A

high-energy thioester.

49
Q

We use this molecule to activate substances

A

coenzyme A

50
Q

the term used to form ATP from ADP.

A

phosphorylation

51
Q

Two types of phosphorylation

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

substrate-level phosphorylation

52
Q

the direct transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate or metabolite in the pathway to form ATP

A

substrate-level phosphorylation

53
Q

what is/are generated in substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

1 ATP

54
Q

Example of substrate-level phosphorylation

A

glycolysis

55
Q

What is/are generated in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

average of 2.5 ATPs

average of 1.5 FADH2

56
Q

in Oxidative phosphorylation the phosphorylation in this step or reaction is coupled to the generation of

A

electrons in the REDOX reaction

57
Q

The step/reaction does not directly transfer phosphate groups to ADP to form ATP but since it is a redox reaction, electrons from the reaction will be carried by either NAD+ (as NADH + H+) or FAD (as FADH2)

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

58
Q

Mechanism of Oxidative phosphorylation

A

The electrons are brought to the inner mitochondrial membrane and transferred to the electron transport chain (ETC) where ATP is generated.

59
Q

Example of oxidative phosphorylation

A

malic acid

60
Q

What are some of the catabolic pathways that help generate energy for the cell?

A

Glycolysis

Beta oxidation of fatty acids from fats to TAGs (triglycerols)

61
Q

Main metabolite of carbohydrates

A

Glucose

fructose and galactose and other forms of monosaccharide will only be converted into glucose

62
Q

T OR F

Glycolysis is a anabolic pathway

A

FALSE

Glycolysis is a catabolic pathway

Degradation of carbohydrates/sugar

63
Q

From the haworth formula, the glucose common structure resembles

which is why it’s also called

A

cyclic structure - pyran ring

pyranose

64
Q

A series of 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions by which glucose is oxidized to two molecules of pyruvate.

A

Glycolysis:

65
Q

T OR F

Phosphorylation is a reversible reaction

A

FALSE

Irreversible reaction

66
Q

First reaction of glycolysis

A

Phosphorylation of alpha-D-glucose
(an anomer of glucose predominant in our diet)

THIS IS AN INVESTMENT PHASE

67
Q

Mechanism of the phosphorylation of alpha-D-glucose

A

a phosphate group from the ATP will be transferred by the enzyme hexokinase to the alpha-D-glucose (INVESTMENT PHASE)

an IRREVERSIBLE reaction

Donor: ATP
Acceptor: Glucose

68
Q

Products of the first reaction

A

alpha-D-Glucose-6-phosphate

ADP

69
Q

process of formation of glucose

A

Gluconeogenesis

70
Q

T OR F

In gluconeogenesis the sources are glucose

A

FALSE

NON-CARBOHYDRATE sources

like glycerol

71
Q

Second reaction of glycolysis

A

Isomerization of α-D-glucose 6-phosphate to α-D-fructose 6-phosphate.

72
Q

Hierarchy of carbohydrates

glucose is a

fructose is a

A

glucose is a aldose

fructose is a ketone/ketose

73
Q

difference of aldose and ketose

A

aldose (has aldehyde) only one functional group

ketose (has ketone) has TWO functional groups

74
Q

T OR F

glucose and fructose are functional isomers of one another

A

TRUE

75
Q

the interconversion or isomerization wherein the aldehyde is converted to ketone and it can be vice versa

A

tautomerism

76
Q

What is the reaction 3

A

Phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate

77
Q

T OR F

Phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate is a reversible reaction

A

FALSE

Irreversible reaction

78
Q

The step: Phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate is also known as

A

committed step meaning this is the control/regulated region or control part of the pathway

79
Q

what is the enzyme used in the Phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate

A

PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE

80
Q

T OR F

Phosphofructokinase is a regulatory enzyme

A

TRUE which is why the third step is also called the control/regulated region because its influenced by substances (meaning it can be inhibited or enhanced if ATP is needed or if it’s too much already)

81
Q

What is the reaction 4

A

Cleavage of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to two triose phosphates.

82
Q

T OR F

Cleavage of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to two triose phosphates is reversible

A

TRUE

REVERSIBLE REACTION

83
Q

What is the final product of glycolysis?

A

PYRUVATE

84
Q

T OR F

DHAP is converted to pyruvate as the final product

A

FALSE

G3P is converted to pyruvate

DHAP is converted to G3P

85
Q

What is converted in the isomerization of the triose phosphate

A

Dihydroxyacetone (DHAP) –> G3P

86
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis product

A

lactate

REDUCTIVE

87
Q

Aerobic oxidation product

A

6 CO2 and 6 H2O

88
Q

Anaerobic alcoholic fermentation products

A

2 CO2 and 2 ethanol

REDUCTIVE

89
Q

responsible for the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-coa

A

dehydrogenase complex (overall reaction)

90
Q

Products of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

A

ACETYL-COA
CO2
NADH+H+

91
Q

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex happens in the

A

mitochondrion

Mitochondrial matrix

92
Q

glycolysis happens in the

A

cytosol

93
Q

T OR F

TCA cycle is amphibolic

A

TRUE

the pathway plays a role in both catabolism and anabolism.

94
Q

Why is the kreb’s cycle also called the tricarboxylic acid cycle?

A

BEcause of the Step 1

production of CITRATE which has 3 carboxyl groups in the citric acid

95
Q

T OR F

Citrate and aconitate are achiral; neither has a stereocenter.

A

TRUE

which is why in the second step it will be transformed into isocitrate which is chiral

96
Q

T OR F

Citrate have 2 stereocenters and 4 stereoisomers are possible

A

FALSE

ISOCITRATE HAVE 2 stereocenters and 4 stereoisomers are possible

97
Q

1 NADH+H+ is equivalent to how many ATP after ETC

A

2.5 or 3 ATPs

98
Q

1 FADH2 is equivalent to how many ATP after ETC

A

1.5 or 2 ATPs

Biochemistry Lecture (8 decks)

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