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CMED 312 ENT Module > TRANS 49 - 51 Congenital salvador > Flashcards

TRANS 49 - 51 Congenital salvador Flashcards

1
Q

What is the common wall between the trachea and the

esophagus?

A

Trachealis muscle

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2
Q

Nasal placodes become the nasal pits at ___________ AOG that further deepens forming nasal cavities

A

30 days

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3
Q

forms from the fused nasofrontal process and medial nasal prominence

A

nasal septun

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4
Q

Turbinates form as swellings of the lateral nasal wall starting at about

A

38 days AOG

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5
Q

Primitive choana is posterior to the primary palate and is patent at

A

7 weeks

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6
Q

Nasolacrimal groove separated the lateral nasal prominence from the maxillary prominence at?

A

10 weeks

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7
Q

The floor of the nasolacrimal grove thickens to form the

A

Nasolacrimal duct

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8
Q

The vomer and perforated portions of the cribriform ossify by

A

3 years

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9
Q

Adenoids peak in size between______ years and start to regress by __________

A

3-5 years; 8 years

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10
Q

Nasal cavity grows rapidly in the first

A

6 years of life

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11
Q

External nasal dimensions are greatly mature by ______ in females and _______ in males

A

13; 15 years

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12
Q

Most common site of epistaxis is the

A

Kiesselbach’s plexus

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13
Q

cyanosis at rest and resolution with crying and agitation (when the child is in open mouth position), is typical of infants with bilateral choanal atresia

A

Cyclical stenosis

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14
Q

Crucial function of the sinuses

A

production of mucus;

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15
Q

• Related to overgrowth of nasal process of the maxilla causing
obstruction of the pyriform appertures

Kahit may dalawang butas yung ilong, kakaiba yung
mukha niya, then one central incisor, kapag
inendoscopy mo yan or anterior rhinoscopy, wala kang
makikitang butas sa loob kasi your pyriform aperture,
kasi diba yung sa skull, triangular, that is your pyriform.
Kasi yung cartilages mo sa front nose minsan
nagdedevelop pero yung pinaka-bone, the pyriform
apperture, closed pala or walang butas.

A

CONGENITAL PYRIFORM APERTURE STENOSIS

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16
Q

• Results from the failure of the caudal nasolacrimal duct to
canalize
• 90% are unilateral
• F:M =2:1

A

NLD OBSTRUCTION/CYSTS

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17
Q
  • Includes dura, organized neural elements, and communication with the subarachnoid space
  • Sincipital encephaloceles present as a mass at the nasal dorsum (nasoethmoid), orbits (naso-orbital) or glabella (nasofrontal)
  • Basal encephaloceles usually present as intranasal masses
A

ENCEPHALOCELE

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18
Q
  • Derived from glial cells
  • Intranasal or extranasal, based upon the relationship with the nasal skeleton
  • Approximately 15% of gliomas have a fibrous stalk continuous with the dura
A

GLIOMAS

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19
Q
  • Composed of ectodermal and mesodermal elements
  • Often associated with a pit in the midline nasal dorsum
  • May have communication with floor of anterior cranial fossa through the foramen caecum
A

NASAL DERMOIDS

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20
Q 
• The functional abnormality results from the defective dynein arms
• Maybe familial
• Kartagener Syndrome
o Sinusitis
o Situs inversus
o Bronchiectasis
o Maybe associated with infertility
A

IMMOTILE CILIA SYNDROME (PRIMARY CILIARY DYSKINESIA)

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21
Q

separates the anterior and posterior ethmoid cells

A

The basal lamella of the middle turbinate

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22
Q

Sphenoid sinuses start to pneumatize at about

A

2 years of age

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23
Q

All structures of the oral cavity grow postnatally. True or false?

A

True

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24
Q
  • Condition of the tongue in which there is restriction or limitation of the movements or range of motion of the tongue
  • May interfere with feeding or speech
A

ANKYLOGLOSSIA

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25
Q

Complete vs incomplete cleft palate

A

A cleft lip contains an opening in the upper lip that may extend into the nose. (The opening may be on one side, both sides, or in the middle.)
 Pag umabot siya sa nose, it said to be complete. Incomplete if hindi umabot sa nose.

26
Q
  • Obstruction of the sublingual gland

* Usually seen as unilateral cystic lesion in the floor of the mouth

A

RANULA

27
Q

physical exam to check sublingual and submandibular gland. You’ll palpating the floor of the mouth and submandibular triangle.

A

bimanual palpatioin

28
Q

Results from abnormal descent of the thyroglossal tract into the neck
 Sometimes there’s a tongue base mass

A

LINGUAL THYROID

29
Q

are congenital epithelial cysts, which arise on the lateral part of the neck from a failure of obliteration of the branchial cleft in embryonic development

A

Branchial cleft cysts

30
Q

fistula vs sinus vs cyst?

A

You should differentiate a fistula from a sinus to a cyst. Anatomically, a cyst is completely enclosed by an epithelium, a sinus has one opening, and a fistula have an internal opening and an outer opening.

31
Q

what pouch is the most common cyst?

A

Second branchial ‘cleft’ cyst – tract linked to tonsillar fossa (palatine tonsils)

32
Q

The larynx, trachea, and esophagus are formed by

A

the 8th week AOG

33
Q

is the narrowest part of the neonatal airway, measuring about 4-5 mm in diameter

A

Subglottis

34
Q

-• Is a congenital abnormality of the laryngeal cartilage
• It is a congenital laryngeal anomaly of the newborn
characterized by flaccid laryngeal tissue and inward collapse
of the supraglottic structure leading to upper airway
obstruction
• It is a dynamic lesion resulting in collapse of the
supraglottic structures during inspiration, leading to
airway obstruction

A

LARYNGOMALACIA

35
Q

“Omega shaped” epiglottis is a common laryngoscopic
finding
• Most patients do not require any intervention because of high
rate of spontaneous improvement

A

LARYNGOMALACIA

36
Q

2nd most common laryngeal anomaly of infancy
• Most commonly idiopathic in infants
• Most commonly iatrogenic in older children
• Left vocal cord more commonly affected

A

VOCAL CORD DYSFUNCTION

37
Q

Vocal cord positions?

A 
median- midline
paramedian - 1.5 mm
intermediate - 3.5 mm
partial abduction-7 mm
full abduction - 9.5 mm
38
Q
  • A condition of narrowing of the subglottic airway
  • Although it is relatively rare, it is the third most common congenital airway problem
  • Can present as a life-threatening airway emergency
A

subglottic stenosis

39
Q

grading of subglottic stenosis

A

grade 1 - stenosis 0-50%
grade 2 - 51-70
grade 3 - 71 -99
grade 4 - 100%

40
Q
  • Incomplete separation of the foregut extending cephalad to include the inter-arytenoid space
  • Classification system based upon inferior extent of the cleft
A

LARYNGEAL CLEFTS

41
Q

classification of laryngeal clefts?

A

✓ Type 1 – inter-arytenoid musculature
✓ Type 2 – into cricoid
✓ Type 3 – through entire posterior cricoid
✓ Type 4 – extending through membranous trachea

42
Q

Surfactant is secreted at ______ weeks and is sufficient in quantity to prevent lung collapse at _____ weeks

A

23-24; 28-32

43
Q

Normal ratio of tracheal cartilage to membranous wall is approximately

A

4:1

44
Q

intrinsic vs extrinsic tracheomalacia?

A

✓ Intrinsic – ratio of cartilage to membrane about 2:1
✓ Extrinsic – normal ratio with extrinsic compression
• Vascular anomalies (artery compression)
• Mediastinal masses (space occupying lesion)

45
Q

VACTERL syndrome

A 
✓ V – Vertebral/ vascular
✓ A – Anorectal
✓ C – Cardiac
✓ T – Tracheo
✓ E – Esophageal
✓ R – Radial / Renal
✓ L – Limb deformities
46
Q

4 main types of TEF?

A
  1. Proximal esophageal atresia with distal tracheoesophageal fistula near bifurcation (90% of cases)
  2. H-type fistula – may be very difficult to diagnose (connection can happen in any location along the length of the trachea and esophagus)
  3. Proximal TEF with distal esophageal atresia (lahat ng food can enter the lungs)
  4. Proximal esophageal atresia with TEF and distal esophageal atresia with second TEF
47
Q
  • Result of unequal partitioning of the foregut into the trachea and esophagus
  • May be associated with TEF of complex congenital heart disease
A

Tracheal Stenosis

48
Q

last part of the auricle to form

A

lobule

49
Q

The medial EAC ossifies within the

A

first 2 years of life

50
Q

The EAC reaches adult size by about

A

9 years of age

51
Q

Ossicles start to develop in the

A

first 4-6 weeks AOG

52
Q

Ossicles are of adult size and shape by

A

6 mos AOG

53
Q
  • Result of persistent epithelial rests in the middle ear space
  • Most commonly presents as “closed” keratotic cyst medial to the anterior superior TM
  • Less commonly presents as an “open” infiltrative lesion which is more extensive
  • Diagnosis may be obscured by history of eustachian tube dysfunction
  • Average age of diagnosis between 2.5-5 years of age
A

CONGENITAL CHOLESTEATOMA

54
Q

The otic vesicle is the precursor of the

A

membranous labyrinth

55
Q

an act establishing a universal newborn hearing screening program for the prevention, early diagnosis, and intervention of hearing loss

A

REPUBLIC ACT 9709

56
Q

• Most common neoplasm of the childhood

A

HEMANGIOMA

57
Q

most common cystic lesion of the anterior triangle of the neck in children

A

Branchial Cleft Cysts

58
Q

o External pit may be located at any point along the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid (SCM)
o Internal communication defined by embryologic origin

A

Branchial Cleft Fistulas or Sinus Tracts

59
Q

Type 1 vs type 2 first branchial cleft remnants

A

o Type 1 – ectodermal origin; duplication of membranous EAC

o Type 2 – ectodermal and mesodermal origin; may consist of fistula from the EAC to the upper neck

60
Q

Can be defined as an irregular neck mass or a lump which develops from cells and tissues left over after the formation of the thyroid gland during developmental stages
• The most common cause of midline neck masses and are generally located caudal to (below) the hyoid bone

A

THYROGLOSSAL DUCT CYSTS

61
Q
  • Moves with protrusion of the tongue
  • May contain ectopic thyroid tissue
  • May contain all of the functioning thyroid
A

THYROGLOSSAL DUCT CYSTS`

CMED 312 ENT Module (16 decks)

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