Trans 023 Basic sciences ENT

Question 1

What instruments do we use in anterior rhinoscopy?

Answer 1

Head light and nasal speculum

Question 2

Structures that ‘ we check in lateral wall in anterior rhinoscopy

Answer 2

Nasal septum and turbinates

Question 3

Bony projections that are covered by mucosa

Answer 3

Turbinates

Question 4

Most prominent that we see in anterior rhinoscopy

Answer 4

Inferior turbinate

Question 5

How to differentiate if it is a turbinate or a mass in anterior rhinoscopy?

Answer 5

Check for tenderness
check if its movable
administer decongestant

Question 6

In unilateral polyp why does the pt presented with facial pain and thick nasal discharge?

Answer 6

your sinuses have drainage going into the nasal cavity. if there is a blockage there will be a secondary bacterial infection causing sinusitis.

Question 7

what condition results from obstruction of the nasopharynx and nose that alters the tone of voice?

Answer 7

Rhinolalia clausa

Question 8

Important functions of the nose?

Answer 8

1. Respiratory passage: 2. Filtration: 3. Air-conditioning and humidification: 4. Vocal Resonance: 5. Nasal Reflex functions: 6. Nasal cavity serves as an outlet for lacrimal and sinus secretions 7. Olfaction

Question 9

are hollow chambers that have foramina for draining into the nose. • They make the skull lighter
• Add resonance to the laryngeal voice • Act as shock absorbers to redistribute the forces of blunt trauma away from the orbit and so protect the eye.

Answer 9

SINUSES

Question 10

• Embryology: does not appear until 5-6 years old

 Not present at birth

Answer 10

Frontal

Question 11

Volume of frontal sinus at adult?

Answer 11

• Volume at Adult: 4-7 ml by 12-20 years old

Question 12

Drainage of frontal sinus?

Answer 12

• Drainage: frontal recess in anterior middle meatus

Question 13

Vesssels of frontal sinus?

Answer 13

• Vasculature: supraorbital and supratrochlear arteries, ophthalmic (cavernous sinus) and supraorbital (anterior facial) veins

Question 14

innervation frontal sinus?

Answer 14

• Innervation: supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves (V1)

Question 15

plain film for frontal sinus?

Answer 15

lateral and Caldwell view

Question 16

What is caldwell view?

Answer 16

View taken with nose and forehead touching the film and xray beam is projected 15 to 25 degree caudally

Question 17

• Embryology: first to develop in utero, biphasic growth at 3 and 7-18 years old

Answer 17

Maxillary sinus

Question 18

Volume of maxillary sinus?

Answer 18

typically 15 mL

Question 19

largest paranasal sinus?

Answer 19

maxillary sinus

Question 20

Drainage maxillary sinus?

Answer 20

Drainage: ethmoid infundibulum (middle meatus, 10-30% have accessory ostium)

Question 21

Vasculature of maxillary sinus?

Answer 21

• Vasculature: maxillary and facial artery, maxillary vein

Question 22

Innervation of maxillary sinus?

Answer 22

infraorbital nn (V2)

Question 23

Plain film for maxillary sinus?

Answer 23

• Plain Film: Water’s view

Question 24

What is waters view?

Answer 24

View is taken in such a way that the chin of the patient touch the film while Xray beam is projected from behind

Question 25

your nose and chin are on the plate. The importance of this is in this position the petrous portion of your temporal bone is projected below the maxillary sinus and you would be able to see your maxillary sinus. what view?

Answer 25

water's view

Question 26

Sphenoid and posterior ethmoid drains into the

Answer 26

Superior Meatus. The rest is in the Middle Meatus.

Question 27

• Embryology: 3-4 cells at birth (most developed paranasal sinus at birth)

Answer 27

Ethmoid sinus

Question 28

Volume of ethmoid sinus?

Answer 28

Volume at Adult: 10-15 aerated cells, total volume of 2-3 ml (adult size at 12-15 years old)

Question 29

drainage of ethmoid sinus?

Answer 29

Drainage: anterior cells drain into the ethmoid infundibulum, posterior cells drain into the spheno-ethmoid recess (superior meatus)

Question 30

vasculature of ethmoid sinus?

Answer 30

• Vasculature: anterior and posterior ethmoid arteries (from ophthalmic artery), maxillary and ethmoid veins (cavernous sinus)

Question 31

innervation of ethmoid sinus?

Answer 31

• Innervation: anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerves (from nasociliary nerve, V1)

Question 32

Plain view for ethmoid sinus?

Answer 32

lateral and caldwell view

Question 33

• Embryology: evagination of nasal mucosa into sphenoid bone • Volume at Adult: 0.5-8 ml (adult size at 12-18 years old)

Answer 33

sphenoid sinus

Question 34

drainage of sphenoid sinus?

Answer 34

• Drainage: spheno-ethmoid recess in the superior meatus

Question 35

vasculature of sphenoid sinus?

Answer 35

• Vasculature: sphenopalatine artery (from maxillary artery), maxillary vein (pterygoid plexus)

Question 36

innervation of sphenopalatine sinus?

Answer 36

• Innervation: sphenopalatine nerve

Question 37

plain film for sphenoid sinus?

Answer 37

• Plain Film: lateral and submentovertex (basal)

Question 38

QUIZ: What is the paranasal sinus that is not present at birth?

Answer 38

frontal sinus

Question 39

the nasal skeleton is consisted of?

Answer 39

• The external nasal skeleton consists of bone in the upper third (the nasal bones) and cartilage in the lower two-thirds.

Question 40

most commonly fracutre bone of the face?

Answer 40

nasal bone

Question 41

Common manifestation of nasal bone fracture is

Answer 41

swelling or inflammation and epistaxis

Question 42

The nasal cavities are partitioned in the midline by the

Answer 42

nasal septum

Question 43

The cartilage of the septum is dependent on what for its nutritional support

Answer 43

on the overlying adherent perichondrium

Question 44

Separation of this layer (septal cartilage and perichondrium) by hematoma or abscess may result in?

Answer 44

in cartilage necrosis and a saddle nose cosmetic deformity

Question 45

• The main artery of the nasal cavity is the

Answer 45

sphenopalatine branch of the maxillary artery

Question 46

sphenopalatine branch of the maxillary artery anastomoses wiht?

Answer 46

- Palatine artery - Ethmoidal arteries - anterior and posterior - Labial artery

Question 47

The lateral wall is thrown into folds by three bony projections:

Answer 47

the inferior, middle and superior turbinates

Question 48

assymetrical vs symmetrical congestive response types?

Answer 48

1. Asymmetrical Congestive Response (The Nasal Cycle): - Normal physiological congestion/decongestion cycle alternating between nasal sides every 2-7 hours 2. Symmetrical Congestive Response: - Temporary bilateral congestion induced by exercise, changes in body position, hyperventilation, cold air, sulfur, histamine, and other irritants; lasts 15-30 minutes