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Grade 10 Biology > Tranport systems in the human body > Flashcards

Tranport systems in the human body Flashcards

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1
Q

How do the transport systems of some invertebrae work

A

Their surface-volume
ratio is such that transport takes place via diffusion eg. Arthropods
Their open blood system does not play a role in the transport of gases, only in
transporting nutrients and phagocytic cells.

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2
Q

What kind of blood system do vertebraes have

A

Vertebrates have a closed blood system; the blood circulates in blood vessels, never leaves the blood vessels, and is
circulated by a pump (heart)

They have a double blood circulation or the pulmonary circulation (lung) and the systemic circulation (body)

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3
Q

What is the disadvantage of a closed blood circulatory system

A

not all cells can be directly in contact with the blood, but this
problem is solved by substances diffusing from the fine branched capillary
blood vessels

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4
Q

How does an open blood circulatory system work

A

Blood vessels transport all
fluids into a cavity. When the animal moves, the blood inside the cavity moves freely around the body in all directions and is in direct contact with the organs
Blood flows very slow due to the absence of smooth muscles, which are
responsible for contraction of blood vessels.

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5
Q

How does a closed blood circulatory system work

A

Blood never leaves the blood
vessels, it is transferred from one blood vessel to another continuously without entering a cavity.
Blood is transported in a single direction, delivering oxygen and nutrients to cells and removing waste
products.

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6
Q

What categories can closed blood circulatory systems be divided into

A

single circulatory systems and double circulatory system

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7
Q

Describe single circulatory pathways

A

Consist of a double chambered heart with an atrium and ventricle eg. fish
The heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the gills where it gets oxygenated and is then supplied to the entire fish
body, with deoxygenated blood returned to the heart

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8
Q

Describe double circulatory systems

A

Four-chambered heart; The right atrium receives deoxygenated from the body and the right ventricle sends it to the lungs to be oxygenated; The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and the left ventricle sends it to the rest of the
body eg. in birds and mammals

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9
Q

Why are double circulatory systems called that

A

because they are made up of two circuits,
referred to as the pulmonary and
systemic circulatory systems.

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10
Q

What about our circulatory systems makes it possible to maintain a high level of activity

A

The high rate of oxygen rich blood flowing through the body

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11
Q

How many chambers does the heart have

A

The heart consists of four chambers which function as two separate pumps.

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12
Q

Where is the heart situated

A

The heart is situated in the thoracic cavity, above the diaphragm and between
the lungs.

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13
Q

What is the space between the lungs where the heart is found called

A

the mediastinum

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14
Q

What keeps the heart in position

A

the large blood vessels that enter and leave it

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15
Q

What is the tough connective tissue with a double walled membrane that encloses the heart called

A

the pericardium

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16
Q

What does the pericardium do

A

it protects the heart

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17
Q

How is the heart attached in the body

A

ligaments attach the heart by means
of the pericardium to the breastbone, the vertebral column and other
areas in the thoracic cavity

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18
Q

What is the moist membrane that surrounds the pericardium

A

the epicardium

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19
Q

What does the watery fluid between the pericardium and the epicardium do

A

prevents friction
between the heart and surrounding organs when the heart contracts and
relaxes

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20
Q

What blood vessels are visible on the outside surface of the heart and what do they do

A

coronary blood vessels

These vessels transport blood to and from the cardiac muscle

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21
Q

What is the septum of the heart

A

the strong muscular wall that divides the heart into a left and right half

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22
Q

What kind of blood do the right and left side of the heart contain

A

The left side contains
oxygenated blood, while the
right side contains
deoxygenated blood.

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23
Q

Why can the heart be seen as a double pump system

A

The blood in the left side never
mixes with the blood in the right
side

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24
Q

What is the difference between atria and ventricles

A

The two upper chambers of the heart are known as atria (receiving chambers) and are smaller, with thinner muscular walls than the lower two chambers, which are
known as the ventricles (pumping chambers)

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25
Q

What is the inside of the heart lined with

A

a thin membrane of squamous epithelium, the endocardium

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26
Q

Why are the walls of the right atria thinner

A

because blood only needs to be pumped from the right atria to the right ventricle

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27
Q

What does the inferior vena cava transport

A

deoxygenated blood from the lower limbs and abdomen to the heart

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28
Q

What does the superior vena cava transport

A

deoxygenated blood from the head and arms to the heart.

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29
Q

How does transportation of blood work in the right ventricle

A

The blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle through an opening, the atrio-ventricular opening. Deoxygenated blood is then pumped to the lungs
via the pulmonary arteries

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30
Q

How many pulmonary veins open into the left atrium

A

4

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31
Q

Why is the left ventricle the thickest chamber with the thickest muscular wall

A

the left ventricle must

pump oxygenated blood throughout the whole body

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32
Q

How does blood flow through the left ventricle

A

The blood flows from the left atrium to the left ventricle through the atrio-ventricular opening. The oxygenated blood is then pumped to the rest
of the body via the largest artery in the body, the aorta

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33
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve situated

A

between the right atrium and the right ventricle

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34
Q

What are the inelastic tendons that attach the flaps of the tricuspid valve to the inner walls of the right ventricle called

A

chordae tendinae

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35
Q

What are chordae tendinae in the heart attached to

A

small protrusions, the papillary muscles, on the inside wall

of the right ventricle

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36
Q

Explain how the tricuspid valve works

A
  1. When the right atrium contracts, the flaps of the valves are pushed open and the blood flows through the atrio-ventricular opening to the right ventricle.
  2. When the right ventricle contracts, the blood pushes the valve flaps up and closes the atrio-ventricular opening.
  3. The papillary muscles contract and this pulls the chordae tendineae tight and prevents the flaps from being pushed too far back into the right atrium.
    4, The valve is now closed and blood cannot flow back
    from the right ventricle to the right atrium.
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37
Q

Where is the bicuspid/mitral valve situated

A

in the opening between the left atrium and the left ventricle.

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38
Q

Describe the structure of the bicuspid valve

A

This valve consists of two flaps, which are

attached to the papillary muscles in the inner wall of the left ventricle by the chordae tendineae

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39
Q

What is the function of the bicuspid valve

A

it prevents backflow of blood
into the left atrium when the left ventricle
contracts

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40
Q

Where are semilunar valves situated

A

Semilunar valves occur at the base of the aorta and pulmonary artery, where these blood vessels leave the ventricles; they occur on the inside of the blood vessels and look like half-moon shaped membrane sacks, with their free ends pointing away from the ventricles.

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41
Q

How do semilunar ventricles work

A

When the ventricles contract, the blood pushes the flaps flat against the artery walls and the valves are open. When the ventricles relax, the blood flows back
and fills the sacks, which then push against each other and close the valves.
This prevents the blood flowing back into the ventricles.

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42
Q

True or false

Arteries transport blood to the heart

A

False

They transport blood away from the heart

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43
Q

What are the 3 layers that the walls of arteries consist of

A
  1. an outer fibrous layer of connective tissue
  2. a middle layer of smooth muscle tissue and elastic fibres
  3. an inner endothelial layer of squamous epithelium
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44
Q

What does the middle layer of artery walls do

A

The middle layer allows the artery to stretch when blood under high pressure is pumped from the heart into the artery.

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45
Q

What do the outer fibrous layer of connective tissue and the elastic fibres in an artery do

A

The thick muscular layer and elastic fibres help the artery wall to resist the high pressure and to avoid distortion

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46
Q

True or False

The lumen of an artery is larger and irregularly shaped compared to that of a vein

A

False

It is smaller and regularly shaped

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47
Q

What are arterioles

A

smaller thinner branches of arteries as a result of the two outer layers of arteries also getting thinner

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48
Q

Do valves occur in arteries and why/why not

A

Because of the high pressure, no valves occur in the arteries except for the aorta and pulmonary artery, which each have semilunar valves at their bases

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49
Q

What happens after the arterioles branch

A

they become microscopically small tubes, the capillaries, which form a branched network between cells in the tissue

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50
Q

What do the walls of capillaries consist of

A

only one layer of endothelium

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51
Q

Where does the exchange of substances (gases, nutrients and waste products) occur

A

Between the blood of the capillaries and the cells

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52
Q

How small is the lumen of the capillaries

A

The lumen of a capillary is so small that red blood corpuscles can only move through in single file.

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53
Q

How does the size of the lumen of capillaries affect the blood flow

A

This slows the blood flow so that the exchange of gases into and out of cells can take place more effectively

54
Q

From what do veins form

A

Capillary vessels reunite and form larger blood vessels, the venules, which
combine to form the veins

55
Q

To where do veins transport blood

A

Towards the heart

56
Q

How do walls of veins differ from artery walls

A

The walls of veins consist of the same three layers as artery walls, but the outer two layers are thinner.

57
Q

Describe the lumen of a vein

A

Because of the thinner walls, the lumen of a vein is larger than that of an artery and it appears more irregularly shaped in cross-section

58
Q

Does blood in veins flow under high or low pressure

A

Blood in veins flows under very low pressure.

59
Q

What helps blood in veins to move in the direction of the heart

A

The contraction of skeletal muscles close to the veins and semilunar valves in the veins (they also prevent backflow)

60
Q

True or false
Pulmonary veins are the only veins in the body that transport deoxygenated blood. All the other veins transport oxygenated blood.

A

False
pulmonary arteries are the only arteries in the body that transport
deoxygenated blood. All the other arteries transport oxygenated blood.

61
Q

True or false
The pulmonary arteries are the only arteries in the body that transport oxygenated blood. All the other arteries transport deoxygenated blood

A

False
The pulmonary veins are the only veins in the body that transport
oxygenated blood. All the other veins transport deoxygenated blood

62
Q

How many times does the average human heart beat per minute

A

72

63
Q

What is systole and diastole

A

contraction and relaxation of the heart muscles

64
Q

What happens during each heartbeat

A

During this time the ventricles will contract for about 40% of the time, and
the atria for about 10%. The rest of the time the heart is in diastole

65
Q

What is the cardiac cycle

A

All the changes that occur in the heart during one heartbeat

66
Q

What are the 3 phases of the cardiac cycle

A
  1. Atrial systole
  2. Ventricular systole
  3. General diastole
67
Q

What happens during general diastole

A
  1. 0.4s
  2. ventricles and atria relax.
  3. decrease in pressure would draws the blood in the pulmonary artery and aorta back to the ventricles, but the semilunar valves close, preventing this backflow.
  4. both atria are now filled with blood.
  5. deoxygenated blood flows from the two venae cavae into the RA.
  6. oxygenated blood flows from the four pulmonary veins into the LA.
  7. tricuspid and bicuspid valves are open and the blood in the atria flows through to the ventricles
68
Q

What happens during atrial systole

A
  1. 0.1s
  2. Both atria are now filled with blood and contract simultaneously.
  3. ventricles are now in diastole.
  4. openings of the vena cavae and the pulmonary veins are squeezed closed due to the contraction of the atria.
  5. tricuspid and bicuspid valves are forced open and the blood is pumped through the atrio-ventricular openings to the ventricles
69
Q

What happens during ventricular systole

A
  1. 0.3s
  2. As the Ventricles fill with blood, the pressure on the ventricle walls cause systole to start.
  3. The ventricles contract simultaneously.
  4. The contraction and high pressure in the ventricles closes the tricuspid and bicuspid valves so that no blood can flow back into the atria.
  5. deoxygenated blood is pumped out of the RV into the pulmonary artery and oxygenated blood is pumped from
    the LV into the aorta.
  6. The semilunar valves in the pulmonary artery and aorta are open.
70
Q

What happens during ventricular diastole

A

The ventricles take a short rest while the atria fills with blood

71
Q

What happens during atrial diastole

A

When the atrio-ventricular valves close, atrial diastole begins.
Atrial systole lasts long enough to ensure that blood flows to the ventricles

72
Q

Describe what occurs in the pulmonary circulatory system

A

Blood flows from the heart, to the
lungs and back. Deoxygenated blood leaves the right ventricle through the pulmonary artery and flows to the lungs.
The blood absorbs oxygen from the
lungs, via diffusion, and releases
carbon dioxide. Oxygenated blood flows back to the left atrium via the pulmonary vein

73
Q

Describe what happens in the systematic circulatory system

A
  1. Blood flows from the heart to the rest of the body and back. Oxygenated blood leaves the left ventricle through the aorta (largest artery in the body) and branches throughout the body into smaller arteries,
    arterioles, and eventually into microscopically small capillaries, which branch between all tissue cells.
  2. The exchange of substances (O2, CO2, nutrients and wastes) occurs
    between the blood in the capillaries and the tissue cells.
  3. The capillaries join to form venules and veins.
  4. Deoxygenated blood flows through the superior and inferior venae cavae
    to the right atrium.
74
Q

What is one of the first branches of the aorta

A

the coronary artery that splits into the left and right coronary arteries and provides the heart muscle itself with blood

75
Q

What is another branch of the aorta

A

the bronchial artery that also splits to provide the lungs with oxygen and nutrients

76
Q

What do the carotid arteries do and give examples

A

They take blood to the head and in the abdominal cavity arteries branch form the aorta to all the organs eg. the coeliac artery with its branches to the stomach, intestine and liver and the renal arteries to the kidneys

77
Q

What does the pulmonary artery do

A

It leaves the heart from the right ventricle and splits into the right and left pulmonary arteries that take the deoxygenated blood to the lungs in order for gaseous exchange to take place

78
Q

What takes the deoxygenated blood collected from different parts of the body to the heart

A

two large vena cavas

79
Q

Where does blood from the head and shoulders drain to

A

the vena cava superior

80
Q

Where does the blood from the lower half of the body go through to the heart

A

the vena cava inferior

81
Q

Into which veins does blood from all over the body drain

A

the renal veins, jugular veins etc. to join the blood in the venae cavae

82
Q

Through what does oxygenated blood flow from the lungs to the heart

A

4 pulmonary veins

83
Q

What takes the blood from the digestive tract to the liver

A

the hepatic portal vein

84
Q

What is a portal vein

A

a vein with a capillary network at both ends eg. the hepatic portal vein

85
Q

What does it mean when we say that the cardiac muscle has the property of automatism

A

it can contract and relax without any external stimuli.

86
Q

Where do the heart contractions begin

A

within the muscle cells

87
Q

What causes the lub sound in a heartbeat

A

the closing of the bicuspid and tricuspid valves and is louder than the dup sound.

88
Q

What causes the dup sound in a heartbeat

A

the closing of the semilunar valves in the

aorta and pulmonary artery

89
Q

What is the group of muscle cells found in the wall of the right atria and what does it do

A

sino-atrial node;

it initiates the impulses for contraction and is known as the pacemaker of the heart

90
Q

What is the group of muscle cells that occurs at the lower end of the septum between the right atria and left atria

A

atrio-ventricular node

91
Q

How does the heart beat

A
  1. the bundle of His extends throughout the
    septum between the two ventricles and conducts impulses from the atria to
    the ventricles.
  2. At the apex of the heart the bundle of
    His branches into Purkinje fibres which branch throughout the walls of the ventricles to conduct impulses faster and move effectively.
  3. During the cardiac cycle, the contraction
    begins at the SA node and spreads
    across the two atria to the AV node.
  4. The two atria contract simultaneously.
  5. From the AV node the impulse passes along the bundle of His, between the
    two ventricles, to the Purkinje fibres, causes the ventricles to contract simultaneously from their lower ends.
  6. The transfer of an impulse along the SA node towards the AV node is occurs at a speed of 0.6m/s.
  7. It then slows down towards the bundle of His, then picks up speed and
    rushes through the fibres of Purkinje at almost 2m/s. This speed ensures the co-ordinated contraction of the ventricles.
92
Q

What controls the heartbeat

A

the nervous system and hormones

93
Q

What controls the rate at which the heart beats

A
  1. cardio-vascular centre in the Medulla Oblongata
  2. Automonic Nervous System
    Involves conducting impulses along the sympathetic and parasympathetic
    nerves from the brain to the SA node.
  3. The nerve impulses that are conducted along the sympathetic nerve fibres accelerate the heartbeat, while the nerve impulses from the parasympathetic nerve fibres slow the heartbeat down to normal
94
Q

How does the cardio-vascular control centre react to adrenaline

A
  1. Adrenaline: Secreted by the adrenal glands in crisis situations/ times of stress. Causes the heart to beat faster and blood is pumped faster to the brain and muscles faster distribution of oxygen.
  2. 6.
95
Q

How does the cardio-vascular control centre react to Thyroxine

A

Thyroxine, which are transported in the blood, also accelerate the
heartbeat.

96
Q

How does the cardio-vascular control centre react to low ph

A

Low pH: There is too much CO2 in the blood. Heart must beat faster to get blood to the lungs for faster gas exchange.

97
Q

How does the cardio-vascular control centre react to too little oxygen

A

Too little Oxygen: Heart beats faster to get the blood to the lungs for faster gas exchange.

98
Q

How does the cardio-vascular control centre react to increased bp

A

Increased blood pressure: Pressure receptors in the carotid artery and
aorta detect an increased blood pressure in the arteries.Heart rate will drop.

99
Q

How does the cardio-vascular control centre react to decreased bp

A

Decreased blood pressure: Pressure receptors in the vena cava and atrium
detect a drop in blood pressure in veins. The heart rate will increase. Called Bainbridge reflex.

100
Q

How do parts of the brain play a role in increase of heart rate when
emotions are involved

A

The cerebral hemispheres send impulses during periods of sexual excitement.
Hypothalamus send impulses when emotions such as fear and anger are
experienced.

101
Q

What is the effect of exercise on heartbeats

A

more respiration occurs in the muscles to release more energy for muscle contraction. More CO2 is released into the blood. Receptors in the carotid arteries (neck arteries) detect the increase in CO2
concentration in the blood and send nerve impulses to the brain. Sympathetic nerve fibres transmit nerve impulses to the SA node, which accelerates the heartbeat.
Blood is pumped faster so that more deoxygenated blood can be pumped to
the lungs to release excess CO2. Oxygenated (O2-rich) blood also reaches the muscles faster

102
Q

Explain electral activity in the heart

A

can be measured from the
surface of the body as an electrocardiogram (ECG).
A normal heart has a very regular rhythm.
e.

103
Q

What is Arrhythmia

A

a condition where the heart has an abnormal rhythm

104
Q

What is Tachycardia

A

when the resting heart rate is too fast (more than 100 beats per minute)

105
Q

What is Bradycardia

A

when the heart rate is too slow (less than 60 beats per minute)

106
Q

What is P wave

A

The depolarization of the atria

Blood now begins to flow from the atria into the ventricles

107
Q

What is the PR segment

A

Represents the time delay to allow the ventricles to fill

108
Q

What is the QRS complex

A

The main contraction of the heart where the ventricles depolarize

109
Q

What is the ST segment

A

The time delay between depolarization and repolarization of the
ventricles

110
Q

What is a T wave

A

Repolarization of the ventricles.

111
Q

What can be used to observe abnormalities in the functions

A

The P wave, PR segment, QRS complex, ST segment and T wave

112
Q

What is the stroke volume

A

the amount of blood pumped through the heart during each cardiac cycle

113
Q

What is a reason that the heart would increase its stroke volume and stroke rate

A

During exercise when muscles need more oxygen and glucose in order to produce energy in the form of ATP. This is a temporary change to maintain homeostasis, and after exercise the heart rate and stroke volume return to normal

114
Q

What happens when a person exercises regularly

A

It goes through long term adaptations, gets stronger and expels more blood with each contraction. There is a greater stroke volume with each heartbeat. The heart has to beat less often in order to maintain the same volume of blood flow. Therefore, fit people often have lower resting heart rates

115
Q

What are cardiovascular diseases

A

Heart and blood vessels

116
Q

What are hereditary cardiovascular diseases called

A

congenital diseases

117
Q

What is hypertention and hypotention

A

hypertension: high bp
hypotension: low bp

118
Q

What is blood pressure

A

the force that is exerted by the circulating blood on the blood vessel walls.

119
Q

What is systolic pressure

A

The maximum pressure reached in the arteries with each heartbeat when
the ventricles contract

120
Q

What is diastolic pressure

A

The minimum pressure is reached when the cardiac muscle is relaxed and
the elastic walls of the arteries return to normal

121
Q

What is blood pressure measured with

A

the sphygmomanometer

122
Q

How is blood pressure measured (unit)

A

mmHg (millimetre mercury)

123
Q

What is the normal resting bp

A

120 mmHg systolic and 80 mmHg diastolic

124
Q

What are the symptoms of low bp

A

Weakness and dizziness

125
Q

What are the effects and treatment of high bp

A

damaged blood vessels, a stroke or a heart attack. It cannot be treated but be managed with medication, as well as
by maintaining a healthy lifestyle, i.e. a healthy diet and regular exercise.

126
Q

What is stroke

A

A stroke is the loss of brain function due to a disturbance in the blood supply
to the brain. A shortage of oxygen supply to the brain can be caused by a blood clot that blocks a blood vessel or bursts a blood vessel. This leads to bleeding in the
brain tissue

127
Q

What is are the effects of a stroke

A

The result is that the brain cannot function correctly, and this can lead to: paralysis of one or more limbs, usually on one side of the body; the inability to understand or to form speech; or the inability to see the one side of the field of vision. It can lead to permanent neurological damage, complications and death. Risk factors include: advanced age,high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol, smoking

128
Q

What happens during a heart attack

A

The supply of blood to the cardiac muscle is interrupted, which leads to the death of a part of the cardiac muscle tissue.
Fat deposits (usually cholesterol) on the inside of the blood vessels narrow
the arteries and this is known as atherosclerosis. Blood cells accumulate in these narrowings and form blood clots (thrombi), which block the coronary arteries. This blood clot formation in a coronary artery is known as a coronary
thrombosis. When a thrombus forms in one part of the body, it breaks off and is
transported to a coronary artery where it causes a blockage, it is known as a
coronary embolism. In both cases the oxygen supply to the cardiac muscle is interrupted and the cardiac muscle tissue dies

129
Q

What does medication do for treatment of cardiovascular diseases

A

dissolves the blood clot which thins the blood and prevents formation of new clots which controls high blood pressure

130
Q

What does angioplasty do for treatment of cardiovascular diseases

A

a procedure that is carried out to stretch a narrowed artery and to remove the blockage

131
Q

What does a bypass operation do for treatment of cardiovascular diseases

A

a surgical procedure where arteries or veins are cut from other parts
of the body and used to restore the blood flow to the cardiac muscle
by providing an alternative route for blood around the blocked part of
the artery

132
Q

What does a heart surgery do for treatment of cardiovascular diseases

A

an operation where an unhealthy heart is removed from a person’s
body and replaced with a healthy heart from a dead or brain dead donor

Grade 10 Biology (9 decks)

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