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Grade 10 Biology > Chapter 2: The Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 2: The Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

Who developed the cell theory

A

microbiologists Schleiden and Shwann

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2
Q

What is the cell theory

A

An explanation of the relationship between cells and living things

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3
Q

What does the cell theory state

A
  1. All living things are made of cells
  2. New cells are created by old cells dividing into 2
  3. Cells are the basic building block of life
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4
Q

Give the definition of cells

A

The basic structural and functional unit of all living things

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5
Q

What is the protoplasm and what does it consist of

A

The colourless material compromising the living part of the cell including the cytoplasm, nucleus and other organelles. The protoplasm is also referred to as living matter so the cell is the smallest unit of protoplasm.

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6
Q

What does the cell consist of

A

cell nucleus, and the cytoplasm

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7
Q

What is the liquid content in the cell

A

The ground plasma/ hyaloplasm

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8
Q

What is the cytoplasm

A

The protoplasm enclosed by the plasma membrane of the cell, excluding the nucleus in eukaryotic cells and cellular DNA in prokaryotic cells

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9
Q

What are the inorganic ingredients in the protoplasm

A
  1. Water
  2. Gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide dissolved in the ground plasma
  3. Mineral salts (in ionic form) eg. NaCl and potassium ions
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10
Q

What are the organic ingredients in the protoplasm

A
  1. Proteins
  2. Carbohydrates
  3. Lipids
  4. Nucleic acids
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11
Q

Describe what a true solution is and give an example

A

Homogeneous solutions eg. salts, sugar and gasses dissolved in water

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12
Q

Describe what suspension is and give an example

A

Heterogeneous solutions eg. the cell organelles floating in the groundplasm

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13
Q

Describe what emulsion is and give an example

A

The solvent as well as the solute are liquids eg. oil droplets dispersed in water

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14
Q

Describe 5 things about colloidal solutions

A

The particles of the solute are too big to float but too small to sink. Particles may have similar electrical charges so they repel each other and remain in suspension. Particles form long strands/aggregates.
Proteins form colloidal solutions, in solid form they are gel and in liquid state they are described as sol

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15
Q

In what state is the endoplasm

A

Sol state

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16
Q

In what state is ectoplasm

A

Gel state

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17
Q

With what is the state of protoplasm reversible

A

By changes in pH, temperature and pressure

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18
Q

Describe the appearance of the groundplasm

A

It is a clear liquid that has a grey appearance due to the organelles and dissolved substances suspended in it

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19
Q

What are the functions of the cytoplasm

A
  1. Site of all metabolic processes
  2. Substances circulate through movement of the cytoplasm (cyclosis)
  3. Stores substances essential to life
  4. Helps maintain the shape of the cell
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20
Q

What is the cell wall

A

The only non living part of the cell and only occurs in plant cells

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21
Q

What does the cell wall consist of

A

The primary cell wall, the middle lamella and secondary cell wall

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22
Q

Describe 6 aspects of the primary cell wall

A

All plant cells have one. It is a thin layer outside the cell membrane. It consists of cellulose fibres that stretch as the cell grows. It has small openings called pits. Pits allow lateral transport between cells. Pits contain cytoplasmic threads (plasmodesmata) that extend to adjacent cells. The plasmodesmata facilitate transport between cells

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23
Q

List 3 facts about the middle lamella

A

Consists of pectin and occurs outside primary cell wall. The cell walls of adjacent plant cells are connected by the middle lamella

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24
Q

Describe 6 aspects of the secondary cell wall

A

Secondary cell wall develops between the cell membrane and primary cell wall as the cell grows older.
It is inelastic. It consists of thick cellulose fibres with lignin in between.
They can also contain suberin (water proof substance). The pits are deeper and also have plasmodesmata.

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25
Q

Give 2 functions of the cell wall

A
  1. Protects the living contents of the plant cell against mechanical injury
  2. Gives rigidity and support to the plant cell, responsible for cell shape
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26
Q

What is the plasma membrane

A

The very thin outer living boundary of the cytoplasm

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27
Q

What is another word for the plasma membrane

A

cell membrane

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28
Q

Comment on the structure of the cell membrane

A

It is differentially permeable

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29
Q

What does the fluid mosaic theory state

A
  1. The cell membrane consists of a double layer of phospholipid molecules with large protein molecules imbedded in the layer of phospholipids
  2. Some proteins extend through the 2 phospholipid layers or occur on the outside
  3. Each phospholipid contains a head and a tail.
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30
Q

Describe the head and tale of a phospholipid

A

The head is a phosphate group, faces outwards and is hydrophilic
The tail is two fatty acids, faces inwards and is hydrophobic

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31
Q

Why is the cell membrane not static

A

The phospholipids and proteins in it can move around

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32
Q

What is the double layer of phospholipids in the cell membrane impermeable to

A

Water soluble molecules like glucose, amino acids, salts and nucleic acids

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33
Q

How do water soluble molecules move through the hydrophobic double layer of the cell membrane

A

By means of carrier proteins that pick up the molecules on one side and release them on the other side. They take substances through the cell membrane against the concentration gradient. This is active transport

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34
Q

What are the ways proteins can be associated with membranes

A

Proteins can be permanently inserted into the membrane (integral proteins)

They can extend throughout the membrane (transmembrane proteins)

Other membrane proteins are anchored in the membrane but go through only one side of it. Others are not anchored through the membrane at all but are associated with the membrane by ionic interactions. (peripheral proteins)

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35
Q

What are the functions of the cell membrane

A
  1. Encloses the cell contents
  2. Selectively/ differentially permeable and controls the movement of substances in and out the cell
  3. Important part of cellular immunity system
  4. Membrane inside the cell is important for bringing parts of the cell in contact with one another eg. ER
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36
Q

Fill in the missing word:

Substances such as ______ continuously move in and out of the cell

A

water, gasses, dissolved salts and amino acids and glucose

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37
Q

What processes are responsible for the movement of substances moving in and out of the cell

A

Diffusion, Osmosis, Active transport

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38
Q

Describe diffusion within cells

A

It takes place because of the kinetic energy of each particle. Because of diffusion dissolved substances can spread evenly through the groundplasm. Substances can also diffuse from cell to cell

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39
Q

What is the definition of diffusion

A

The spontaneous movement of molecules of a liquid or gas from an area of high concentration to a low concentration until equilibrium is reached

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40
Q

What can the rate of diffusion be influenced by

A
  1. The concentration gradient. (The greater the differences in concentration the faster diffusion occurs)
  2. The temperature. (High temperature promotes diffusion)
  3. Pressure. (When pressure increases the rate of diffusion increases)
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41
Q

Give the definition of osmosis

A

The movement of water molecules from an area of a high water potential to a low water potential through a selectively permeable membrane until equilibrium is reached.

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42
Q

Give the definition of water potential

A

The ability of a solution to release water given its large number of free water molecules

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43
Q

Which particles move during osmosis

A

water molecules

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44
Q

What kind of membrane does osmosis take place in

A

A selectively permeable membrane

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45
Q

What is a hypertonic solution

A

A solution with a greater concentration of solutes than another solution

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46
Q

What is a hypotonic solution

A

A solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than another solution

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47
Q

What is an isotonic solution

A

When a solution’s effective osmole concentration is the same as that of another solution

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48
Q

Why are diffusion and osmosis passive processes

A

No energy is required for the types of transport

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49
Q

What is the concentration gradient

A

The difference between the high concentration of molecules in one area and the low concentration of the same molecules in another area

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50
Q

What is passive transport

A

The movement of molecules down a concentration gradient from a high to low concentration

Ordinary and facilitated diffusion of ions and molecules. It occurs with the ion and concentration gradient on either side of the membrane

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51
Q

What is active transport

A

When particles move from a low to a high concentration through membranes and against the concentration gradient on either side of the membrane. Energy is needed for the process. Most membranes have carrier molecules for this process

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52
Q

Explain what happens during exocytosis

A

The membrane of a transport vesicle fuses with the cell membrane and the contents of the transport vesicle are dumped outside the cell.
The process is used to secrete proteins and carbohydrates from the cell

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53
Q

Explain what happens during endocytosis

A

Cells form pseudopodia that flow around macromolecules (or foreign objects such as bacteria, viruses and toxins) and fuse to form vesicles with the macromolecules as their contents.
These vesicles fuse with lysosomes in the cells which then process the vesicle content.

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54
Q

What is the difference between endosmosis and exosmsosis

A

Endosmosis: the inflow of solvent (water) into a cell from outside when a cell is placed in distilled water and the cell swells up
Exosmosis: the outward flow of water from the cell when placed in a more concentrated solution like sugar solution (hypertonic) and the cell shrinks

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55
Q

What is the nucleus

A

A prominent, round or oval shaped structure in the cytoplasm

56
Q

Where is the nucleus found in plant cells and in animal cells

A

In animal cells it is usually in the centre of the cell but not in plant cells because it is usually displaced by a large vacuole

57
Q

What does the nucleus consist of

A

The nuclear membrane, the nucleoplasm, nucleolus and the chromatin network

58
Q

What is the nuclear membrane

A

A double differentially permeable membrane that contains small pores and encloses the nucleus

59
Q

What is the ER in full words

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

60
Q

What do the pores in the nucleus do

A

They control the passage of substances in and out of the cell allowing the nuclear contents to be in direct contact with the groundplasm

61
Q

What is the space between the two membranes in the nucleus called

A

perinuclear space

62
Q

What is the nucleus filled with

A

a jelly like fluid called the nucleoplasm

63
Q

What is the nucleolus

A

A dark body that consist of RNA and proteins and is visible in the nucleoplasm

64
Q

What is the chromatin network and what happens to it when the cell divides

A

Tangled threads that occur throughout the nucleoplasm and it condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides

65
Q

What does the chromatin network consist of

A

the macromolecule DNA

66
Q

What is the purpose of chromosomes

A

They bear hereditary factors known as genes

67
Q

What is the difference between a eukaryote and a prokaryote

A

Eukaryotes are organisms with cells that have true nuclei. Their DNA is enclosed by a nuclear membrane and is inside the nucleus.
Prokaryotes are organisms with cells that do not have true nuclei. Their DNA is not enclosed by a nuclear membrane and occurs freely in the cytoplasm

68
Q

How many chromosomes do cells consist of, what is the exception and how many cells does it consist of

A

Each cell in the human body consists of 46 chromosomes. Egg cells and sperm cells have 23 chromosomes each

69
Q

What are the functions of the nucleus

A
  1. Controls the cells metabolism
  2. Differentiation and specialisation
  3. The chromosomes carry hereditary characteristics from cell to cell
  4. Reproduction of cells/organisms
70
Q

What is the single form of mitochondria and where is it found

A

Mitochondrion, they are dispersed throughout the cytoplasm of plant and animal cells

71
Q

What shape do mitochondria have

A

They are cylindrically shaped hollow rods

72
Q

Describe the outer membrane and the inner membrane of mitochondria

A

The outer membrane is smooth and the inner membrane contains finger like folds known as cristae

73
Q

What does the cristae in mitochondria do

A

It increases the inner surface area of the mitochondrion where chemical reactions take place

74
Q

What is the semi fluid substance that fills mitochondria and what does it consist of

A

the matrix, it contains ribosomes and enzymes

75
Q

What do ribosomes do in mitochondria

A

The ribosomes synthesize the enzymes that are necessary for chemical reactions to take place inside the mitochondrion

76
Q

What is the definition of cellular respiration

A

The gradual release of energy from an energy rich fuel molecule (glucose) in the presence of oxygen with water and carbon dioxide as waste products.

77
Q

Where is the energy produced during cellular respiration stored

A

The energy is temporarily stored in the energy carrier of the cell (ATP) and is available for work in the cell when necessary

78
Q

Why is the mitochondria called the powerhouse of the cell

A

Due to the large amounts of energy released during cellular respiration

79
Q

What is the chemical formula for cellular respiration

A

(check in notes)

80
Q

What DNA does the mitochondria contain and how is it transferred? What can this DNA be used for

A

mtDNA, it is transferred from mother via the egg cell to the next generation. It can be used to study the genetic history of a person on the maternal side and connect someone to a crime

81
Q

What is ATP written in full

A

Adenosine triphosphate

82
Q

What is the function of mitochondria

A

Cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria
During cellular respiration energy is released from carbohydrates eg. glucose in the presence of oxygen
The energy released forms part of the compound ATP

83
Q

What are ribosomes and what do they consist of

A

They are small spherical structures that occur in plant and animal cells. They consist of RNA and proteins

84
Q

Where do ribosomes occur

A

In the ER, in mitochondria, chloroplasts and in groups of the cytoplasm (known as polyribosomes)

85
Q

What is the function of ribosomes

A

Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis

86
Q

Explain what ER is, where its found, what it forms and what it is connected to

A

ER is a fine membranous network found in plant and animal cells. It forms a continuous system of canals throughout the cytoplasm. It is connected to the cell membrane and the nuclear membrane

87
Q

What are the two types of ER

A

Rough/granular/course ER and

Smooth/agranular ER

88
Q

Explain the types of ER

A

Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface. It is continuous with the outer layer of the nuclear membrane. It works with the Golgi apparatus to transport newly formed proteins to the where they are needed in the cell.

Smooth ER has no ribosomes on its surface. This network expands the surface area for metabolic activities and the storage of important enzymes and their products.

89
Q

What are the functions of the ER

A
  1. The ER transports substances from one part of the cytoplasm to another (internal transport system)
  2. It increases the internal surface area of the cell
  3. Brings the cell contents in contact with the extracellular environment
  4. Serves as basis for attachment for the ribosomes and plays a role in protein synthesis
90
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus/ Golgi complex

A

An organelle found in all eukaryotic cells

91
Q

What does the Golgi complex consist of

A

dictyosomes (stacks of hollow flat membrane sacs)

92
Q

Where does the Golgi complex occur and which cells is it abundant in

A

It occurs in plant and animal cells near the nucleus and is abundant in cells that have a secretory function

93
Q

What are the functions of Golgi apparatus

A
  1. Plays a role in producing and processing secretions such as mucus and saliva
  2. Plays a role in forming other membrane systems
  3. Plays a role in the formation of lysosomes
  4. Processes, changes and sorts proteins
94
Q

Where do plastids occur

A

only in plant cells

95
Q

What is stored and manufactured in plastids

A

Important chemical components for cellular use

96
Q

What do plastids contain and what does that do

A

Pigments used in photosynthesis and the type of pigment present can change/ determine the colour of the cell

97
Q

What are the types of plastids

A

Chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and leucoplasts

98
Q

What are chloroplasts and where do they occur

A

They are oval shaped plastids which mainly occur in the photosynthesising parts of the plant like the leaves

99
Q

What kind of membrane do chloroplasts have

A

A chloroplast is surrounded by a double membrane (inner and outer membrane)

100
Q

What fluid is chloroplast filled with

A

a fluid matrix known as the stroma

101
Q

What are lamellae

A

Disc shaped membranes in the stroma

102
Q

What are the thickenings that occur on the lamellae called

A

Thylakoids

103
Q

What are the 4 functional units of the Golgi

A

the cis-Golgi, medial-Golgi, endo-Golgi, and the trans-Golgi regions

104
Q

What occurs in the Golgi

A

The cis-Golgi region receives protein or lipid filled vesicles from the ER which are transported to the trans-Golgi region where it is packed and leaves the Golgi apparatus. It is then transferred to other localities in the cell for further metabolic reactions

105
Q

What are the small stacks formed by the lamellae called, in singular and in plural form

A

grana in plural form and granum in singular

106
Q

Where is the chlorophyll imbedded

A

In the lamellae

107
Q

What are the grana in chloroplasts connected by

A

A membrane known as the intergranum

108
Q

What does the stroma contain and what does it do

A

It contains enzymes that control photosynthesis as well as starch grains, oil droplets and ribosomes

109
Q

What are the most important pigments in chloroplast

A

The green chlorophyll and the carotenoids (the yellow, orange and red pigments)

110
Q

What do the pigments in chloroplast do

A

They absorb light for photosynthesis and give colour to plant structures

111
Q

What are the 4 functions of chloroplasts

A
  1. Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts
  2. During photosynthesis energy rich carbohydrates (glucose) are built up in the chlorophyll containing parts of the cell
  3. The green chlorophyll absorbs energy from the sun
  4. Water and carbon dioxide are required. Oxygen is released as a by-product
112
Q

Give the definition of photosynthesis

A

The building up of carbohydrates (glucose) from carbon dioxide and water using radiant energy from the sun that is trapped by chlorophyll. Oxygen is released as a by-product

113
Q

Give the chemical formula for photosynthesis

A

(check in notes)

114
Q

What are chromoplasts and what pigment do they contain

A

They are plastids that occur in yellow, orange and red flowers, leaves and fruit. They contain pigments known as carotenoids

115
Q

What happens between chloroplasts and chromoplasts when fruit ripens

A

Chloroplasts change into chromoplasts when fruit ripens , or when autumn leaves change colour

116
Q

What are leucoplasts

A

Colourless plastids that mainly occur in cells that store food in an insoluble form

117
Q

What are the functions of leucoplasts

A
  1. Leucoplasts become specialised to store food in the form of starch, lipids or proteins
  2. Leucoplasts that store starch are amyloplasts
118
Q

What are vacuoles

A

Fluid filled compartments in the cytoplasm

119
Q

What is the function of chromoplasts

A

Chromoplasts give the yellow, orange and red colour to flowers, leaves and fruit

120
Q

What are vacuoles enclosed by

A

A selectively permeable membrane (the tonoplast)

121
Q

What is the fluid that fills vacuoles and what does it consist of

A

Cell sap, it consists of water and dissolved substances

122
Q

How do vacuoles look in plant and animal cells

A

In plant cells, vacuoles are large and prominent

In animal cells vacuoles are small or absent

123
Q

What are the functions of the vacuole in a cell

A
  1. Cell sap in the vacuole causes turgor pressure that gives the plant cell rigidity
  2. Cell sap often contains pigments known as anthocyanins which give blue, violet or purple colour to flowers and leaves
  3. Storage off dissolved substances such as sugars/salts
  4. To promote osmosis by creating a low water potential inside the plant cell
124
Q

Where are contractile vacuoles found, what do they do and what does the name refer to

A

They are found in unicellular animals and play a role in osmoregulation (regulating the cells water balance).
The name refers to the ability to contract rhythmically in order to move the surface of the cell to get rid of water.

125
Q

Where are phagosomes/food vacuoles found, what do they do, with what do they fuse and what occurs when this fusion takes place

A

They are found in small unicellular organisms (amoeba) and play a role in the digestion and storage of food.
They fuse with the lysosomes and digestion of the food vacuole’s contents takes place

126
Q

What are vesicles

A

Small vacuoles that transport substances from the Golgi body to other parts inside and outside the cell

127
Q

What are lysosomes, where do they occur and what is their role

A

Small vacuoles that are filled with hydrolytic/ digestive enzymes, they occur only in animal cells and they protect the cell against foreign substances or structures and play a role in intracellular digestion
(Lysosomes fuse with food vacuoles and release the enzymes that digest the food or foreign particles)

128
Q

Why do lysosomes not have typical membrane structures

A

The membrane of a lysosome is resistant to digestive enzymes

129
Q

What are the differences between plant and animal cells

A

Plant cells

  1. Cell wall present
  2. Plastids present
  3. Large vacuole present
  4. Lysosomes absent
  5. Centrosomes absent
  6. Fixed shape

Animal cells

  1. Cell wall absent
  2. Plastids absent
  3. Vacuole small or absent
  4. Lysosomes present
  5. Centrosomes present
  6. Irregular shape
130
Q

What is the centrosome

A

The centromere is an area in the cytoplasm near the nucleus of an animal cell

131
Q

What is in the centrosome

A

Two small cylindrical shaped structures known as centrioles

132
Q

At what angle do the centrioles in the centrosome lie

A

The two centrioles lie close to each other at an angle of 90 degrees

133
Q

What does each centriole in the centrosome consist of

A

Each centriole consists of a number of fibrils, each which contain 3 tubular structures known as mictrotubules

134
Q

What is the function of the centrosome

A

In animal cells, the centrioles play a role in the formation of the spindle fibres during mitosis

135
Q

When is a cell turgid or flaccid

A

When a vacuole is filled to its maximum (turgid)

When it loses a large amount of water (flaccid)

136
Q

What kinds of vacuoles can be found in animal cells

A

Contractile vacuoles, phagosomes/ food vacuoles, vesicles and lysosomes

Grade 10 Biology (9 decks)

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