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Grade 10 Biology > Support systems in animals - the human skeleton > Flashcards

Support systems in animals - the human skeleton Flashcards

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1
Q

Which animals have hydrostatic skeletons

A

Snails (mollusca) and earthworms (anelida)

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2
Q

What is a hydrostatic skeleton

A

It is when animals have fluid filled bodies and that give them their structure and support. These organisms secrete watery fluid (coelomic fluid) that is trapped inside the body cavity (coelom)

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3
Q

Which animals have exoskeletons

A

Arthropoda (crabs, millipedes, insects)

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4
Q

What kind of skeletons can vertebraes have

A

They can have cartilaginous skeletons (sharks and rays) or bony skeletons (endoskeletons) because they are internal

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5
Q

What are the advantages of the human skeleton

A
  1. support
  2. protect
  3. point of attachment for muscles and movement
  4. allows growth
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6
Q

How many bones does the adult human skeleton have

A

206

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7
Q

What parts of the skeleton are the axial skeleton

A

vertebral column, rib cage, skull and sternum

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8
Q

What parts of the skeleton are the appendicular skeleton

A

shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle and lower and upper limbs

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9
Q

How does the skull start off

A

It starts off as 29 bones during embryonic development (excluding teeth) which later on are connected through fibrous cartilage. The lines that the joints form disappear at ages 30 to 40

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10
Q

How many bones does the cranium have

A

8

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11
Q

What does the cranium do

A

It protects the brain and sensory organs

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12
Q

How many facial bones are there

A

14

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13
Q

What are the names of the upper and lower jaw and how many bones do they each have

A

upper jaw: maxilla; 2 bones on each side

lower jaw: mandible; 1 bone on each side

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14
Q

What are the smallest bones in the body

A

The 6 auditory ossicles in the ear; hammer, stirrup and anvil at each side

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15
Q

What is the foramen magnum

A

a large opening at the base of the skull through which the spinal chord passes.
On either side of it is a projection which articulates with the first vertebra (atlas) to allow nodding movements

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16
Q

How many teeth does the adult human have

A

32

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17
Q

How many milk teeth do children have

A

20

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18
Q

What type of teeth do humans have, how many of them do they have and what do they do

A

incisors: 4,bite
canines: 2, tear and grip
premolars: 4
molars: 6, chew and grind

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19
Q

What are heterodont and homodont mammals and why

A

Heterodont: humans, they have different teeth which perform different functions
Homodont: dolphins, teeth have the same basic structure

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20
Q

What is the hardest substance in the body

A

tooth enamel

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21
Q

What are teeth embedded in

A

tooth sockets

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22
Q

What is another word for dental bone

A

dentine

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23
Q

What is the vertebral column

A

The vertical support of the body and the true axis that allows movements

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24
Q

What are the first two cervical vertebrae

A

atlas and axis

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25
Q

Describe the atlas

A
  1. Supports the skull and allows nodding movements
  2. Does not have a centrum or spinal processes
  3. Transverse processes are short and thick
  4. Transverse processes form articulation facets on which the condyles of the skull can rest
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26
Q

Describe the axis

A
  1. Centrum is shaped into an odontoid process that forms around the axis around which the atlas can rotate
  2. Odontoid process is kept in position by a strong ligament. The transverse processes are small to allow rotations of the head
  3. Axis allows rotation of skull
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27
Q

True or False

The thoracic vertebrae are the vertebrae with a structure closest to that of typical vertebrae

A

true

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28
Q

Why are the thoracic vertebrae slightly larger than the cervical vertebrae

A

to lend more support

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29
Q

Where are articulation facets found on thoracic vertebrae

A

at each side and against the transverse processes of the first 10 vertebrae articulating with the ribs, these joints move slightly when we breathe

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30
Q

Why are the lumbar vertebrae large and solid and prominent

A

to carry the weight of the body and anchor muscles used to bend and rotate the lower back. The cartilage discs in this area are under a lot of pressure

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31
Q

Which part of the vertebral column has no function in the human body

A

the coccyx

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32
Q

What do the vertebrae of the sacrum fuse to form

A

a strong triangular bone that articulates with the hip bones

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33
Q

How many pairs of ribs does the rib cage have

A

12

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34
Q

What is the front of the ribs attached to

A

sternum (breast bone)

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35
Q

What does the sternum do

A

serves as extra protection for the heart and lungs

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36
Q

What attaches the ribs and sternum

A

elastic cartilage

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37
Q

What are true ribs and how many are there

A

They are attached directly to the sternum and there are 7 pairs

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38
Q

What are false ribs

A

They are attached to the cartilage of the previous ribs with cartilage

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39
Q

What are the last two ribs called and why

A

They are floating ribs because they are not attached to anything

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40
Q

What are the two layers of muscle that cover the ribcage

A

external and internal intercostal muscles

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41
Q

What happens to the external and internal intercostal muscles when you inhale

A

They contract to lift the ribcage up and outwards. They also relax to let you exhale

Internal intercostal muscles contract to decrease the volume of the thorax and put more pressure on the lungs so air is forced out of the lungs

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42
Q

What is the scapula

A

a flat triangular bone with a prominent ridge on the back for the attachment of muscles, that moves over the ribs at the back and assists movement and is not attached to the axial skeleton

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43
Q

Explain what the shallow socket that the scapula has is

A

It is an articular facet known as the glenoid cavity into which the humerus fits to form a ball and socket joint

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44
Q

What is the clavicle

A

An s shaped bone that articulates with the scapula one one side and the sternum on the other side. It is most frequently broken because it takes the full impact of falls on outstreched arms

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45
Q

How many bones are there in the wrist joint

A

8 irregular carpal bones

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46
Q

How many metacarpal bones are in the palm of the hand

A

5

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47
Q

How many phalanges do humans have

A

14

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48
Q

What does the pelvic girdle consist of

A

2 hip bones that form a strong girdle with the sacrum

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49
Q

What are the 3 parts of the hip bones and why are these bones fused

A

ilium, ischium and the pubic bone/pubis; they are fused for strength

50
Q

What are the pubic bones joined by

A

fibrous cartilage that allows small movement in women during birth, this joint is called the pubic symphysis

51
Q

What is another word for tibia

A

shin bone

52
Q

What is another word for fibula

A

calf bone

53
Q

How many bones does the ankle have

A

7

54
Q

How many metatarsal bones are there

A

5

55
Q

What is a joint

A

A junction where two or more bones are joined by ligaments or cartilage

56
Q

How can joints be classified

A
  1. immovable joints: eg. sutures between skull bones
  2. semi movable joints: usually connected by elastic cartilage eg. the ribs and breastbone
  3. movable joints: Also called synovial joints eg. shoulder or elbow where bones are connected by ligaments.
57
Q

What characterises synovial joints

A

Bones are joined by ligaments
The whole joint is enclosed in a tough joint capsule
Friction during movement is decreased by synovial fluid

58
Q

What makes the bodies of animals with hydrostatic skeletons firm

A

The pressure of the coelomic fluid against the muscles which can also contract to enable movement

59
Q

What qualities does water have that makes it suitable to a skeleton

A

It cant be compressed and distributes changes in pressure evenly

60
Q

What re the advantages of a hydrostatic skeleton

A
  1. Watery environment keeps surfaces moist and prevents desiccation
  2. Water supplies extra support
61
Q

What are the disadvantages of a hydrostatic skeleton

A
  1. Inefficient movement
  2. Not protected against mechanical injuries
  3. Sensitive to temperature changes
62
Q

What are the advantages of an exoskeleton

A
  1. Support
  2. Point of attachment for muscles
  3. Mobile seams enhance movement
  4. Fair resistance to temperature changes
  5. Protection against injury, toxins and desiccation
  6. Camouflage
63
Q

What are the disadvantages of an exoskeleton

A
  1. Restricts growth and vulnerable during molting

2. Relatively mobile

64
Q

What is an endoskeleton

A

An internal framework of bone and cartilage

65
Q

What are the disadvantages of an endoskeleton

A

Bones may break or crack due to pressure exerted on them

66
Q

True or False

The bones of the skeleton lower the resistance that the muscles collaborate against to produce movement.

A

False

The bones supply the resistance

67
Q

What are the functions of the human skeleton

A
  1. Movement
  2. Protection
  3. Support
  4. Mineral storage (calcium and phosphates)
  5. Hearing (auditory ossicles)
  6. Blood cell formation (red bone marrow)
68
Q

What two groups of bones does the skull consist of

A

the cranium and facial bones

69
Q

What joins the bones in the cranium

A

immovable joints; sutures

70
Q

What does the vertebral column consist of

A

24 articulating vertebrae and 9 fused vertebrae in sacrum and coccyx

71
Q

What is fibrocartilage

A

discs found between the vertebrae to prevent friction and act as shock absorbers during movement

72
Q

How do spinal nerves enter and leave the spinal cord

A

small gaps between adjacent vertebrae

73
Q

What stabilises the vertebrae and helps to help control movement

A

Strong ligaments and muscles areound the spine

74
Q

What is the basic structure of all vertebrae

A
  1. consists of a centrum, neural arch and processes for attachment of muscles/ligaments
  2. Between the neural arch and centrum a spinal canal (Foramen) is formed. It surrounds and protects the spinal cord (attached to foramen magnum)
75
Q

What outgrowths are visible in the vertebrae

A
  1. neural spin
  2. two transverse processes
  3. articular surfaces (occur for articulation with the previous and successive vertebrae and articulation with the ribs and thoracic vertebrae
76
Q

What are the functions of the vertebral column

A
  1. Supports the skull
  2. Surrounds and protects the spinal cord
  3. Separate vertebrae and s shaped curvature provide flexibility allowing humans to bend backwards, forwards and sideways
  4. Fibrocartilage discs between vertebrae act as shock absorbers
77
Q

What does a typical ribcage consist of

A

12 pairs of ribs, sternum, costal cartilages and 12 thoracic vertebrae

78
Q

What does the pectoral girdle consist of

A

two scapulae and two clavicles

79
Q

How is the pectoral girdle connected and why

A

It is connected to the back of the thorax by muscles to enable it to have a supporting structure as well as giving the shoulders greater freedom of movement for greater arm mobility

80
Q

What provides limit of movement in the pectoral girdle

A

the clavicle

81
Q

What are the functions of the pectoral girdle

A
  1. Forms a strong support structure for the attachments of the arms
  2. Provides large area of bone for the attachment of muscles
  3. Forms ball and socket joints with the arms which allows the arms to move freely
82
Q

What kind of joint do the bones of the forearm form in the elbow

A

a hinge joint

83
Q

Describe the shape/position of the ulna

A
  1. largest bone of the forearm situated on the pinky finger

2. c shaped articular facet that articulates with the humerus to form the elbow joint

84
Q

Describe the shape/position of the radius

A
  1. thinner bone of the forearm situated on the thumb side

2. Lower end is wider than upper end and articulates with carpals to form wrist joint

85
Q

Why are carpal bones one of the most flexible bones in the body

A

They can slide over each other to allow high degree of movement

86
Q

What does the pelvic girdle consist of

A

Two hip bones joined in the middle by a semi movable joint called the pubic symphysis

87
Q

What is the deep socket that occurs where the 3 fused hip bones are found

A

acetabulum

88
Q

What kind of joint does the head of the femur and the acetabulum form

A

a ball and socket joint

89
Q

Name and describe the two types of bone

A
  1. Compact bone: hard, dense bone tissue
    Forms the surface of bones and shafts of long bones
    Provides strength and support
  2. Spongy bone: softer, light bone tissue
    Form head of long bones and contains red marrow
    Exert resistance against forces that act on bones
90
Q

Briefly describe what cartilage is

A

It is semi transparent, tough elastic connective tissue

91
Q

Briefly describe what tendons are

A

inelastic, white fibrous connective tissue that attach muscle to bone

92
Q

Describe what ligaments are

A
  1. Tough yellow elastic connective tissue that attach bone to bone
  2. Stretch only enough to control movement in a joint
  3. Hold bones in position (stabilise joints)
93
Q

What covers the ends of two bones in a synovial joint

A

hyaline cartilage

94
Q

Name and explain the types of synovial joints

A
  1. Ball and socket joint
    One bone fits into the other; movement in any direction eg. Shoulder and hip joint
  2. Hinge joint
    Movement in one plane eg. elbow and knee joint
  3. Pivot joint
    One bone rotates around the other eg. atlas around the axis
  4. Gliding joint
    Flat articular surface of one bone slides over another eg. wrist bones/ ankle joint
95
Q

Name and explain the types of bones in the skeleton

A
  1. Long bones
    Consist of a shaft (diaphysis) and head (epiphysis) eg. humerus and femur
  2. Short bones
    Have a shaft but no head g. ribs and rapal bones
  3. Flat bones
    eg. scapula and hip bones
  4. Irregular bones
    no specific shape eg. vertebrae and auditory ossicles
96
Q

What is the epiphysis

A

The head of each end of a long bone which consists largely of spongy bone and is covered with hyaline cartilage

97
Q

What is spongy bone

A

Found in the epiphysis of long bones and contains red marrow

98
Q

What is red bone marrow

A

Found in the spaces between trabeculae in spongy bone and the is the area where white and red blood cells are made

99
Q

What are trabeculae

A

The struts in the network of irregular bony plates in the epiphysis of bones which transfer stresses from the epiphysis to the diaphysis which has a much thicker layer of compact bone and resists stress better

100
Q

What is the diaphysis

A

Cylindrical shaft of a long bone composed of hard compact bone on the outside

101
Q

What is the periosteum

A

Membrane of dense fibrous connective tissue which surrounds the outside surface of the shaft of a long bone
It has blood vessels to nourish bone and repair injuries
Provides surface of attachment for muscles through tendons/ligaments

102
Q

Endosteum

A

The delicate connective tissue layer lining the inside surface of compact bone

103
Q

Marrow cavity

A

This is filled with yellow marrow which consists largely of fat

104
Q

What is a lever

A

a rigid rod that rotates around a specific point

105
Q

What are the 3 main components of a lever

A

Fulcrum (turning point) F
Effort (where the force must be exerted) E
Load (where teh load has to be moved) L

106
Q

Explain and give an example of what a class 1 lever is

A

LFE/EFL
The load at one end is balanced by the effort on the other side; the fulcrum is found between the two
When one pushes down on one side the other will lift vice versa
eg. nodding your head

107
Q

Explain what a class 2 lever is

A

FLE/ELF
Has the load and the effort on the same side as the fulcrum and the fulcrum is always at one end of the lever; force must be exerted in the same direction as load must be moved
eg. ankle

108
Q

Explain what a class 3 lever is

A

FEL/LEF
The effort and the load are on the same side on the fulcrum but the effort is exerted closer to the fulcrum than the load
eg. during a biceps curl

109
Q

What are antagonistic muscles

A

Muscles that work opposite to one other (in pairs) when one contracts the other relaxes eg. biceps (flexor muscle) and triceps (extensor muscles)

110
Q

Briefly describe the position of the biceps

A

On one end two tendons are attached to the pectoral girdle while the other end is attached to the radius

111
Q

Describe the position of the triceps

A

One end is attached to the pectoral girdle with three tendons while the other is attached to the ulna

112
Q

What muscles are involved during muscle contraction for movement

A

skeletal muscles (cross striated, voluntary muscles)

113
Q

What causes striations in skeletal muscles

A

The arrangement of longitudinal, contractile myofibrils in the cylindrical muscles cells

114
Q

What are the characteristics of skeletal muscles

A
  1. Attached to the skeleton by inelastic tendons
  2. Striations
  3. Voluntary
115
Q

What is osteoarthristis

A

The most common form of arthritis, which is caused by an inflammation of the joints. It is usually accompanied with pain and swelling

116
Q

What is osteochondritis

A

An inflammation of the cartilage and bone; it leads to defective growth and deformity

117
Q

What is osteogenesis impefecta

A

A hereditary condition in which a baby is born with very fragile bones

118
Q

What is osteomalacia

A

A softening of the bones, caused by a deficiency of vitamin D

119
Q

What is osteomyelitis

A

A bacterial infection of the bone marrow

120
Q

What is osteoporosis

A

A change in the mass or texture of bone, caused by a depletion in the level of calcium it contains; as a result the bones become weak

Grade 10 Biology (9 decks)

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