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Grade 10 Biology > Biochemistry, atoms and molecules of life > Flashcards

Biochemistry, atoms and molecules of life Flashcards

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1
Q

List the 6 characteristics of life

A
  1. Organisms consist of cells
  2. Organisms grow and develop
  3. Organisms regulate their own metabolic processes
  4. Organisms react to stimuli
  5. Organisms reproduce
  6. Organisms and populations adapt to their environment
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2
Q

List the biological organisation

A

Atom; Molecule; Organelles; Cell; Tissue; Organ; Organ system; Organism; Population; Community; Ecosystem

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3
Q

Give the definition for an atom

A

The smallest unit of matter (living/non living) that can take part in a chemical reaction

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4
Q

Give the definition for a molecule

A

Two or more atoms that combine with each other chemically

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5
Q

Give the definition of elements

A

Pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances through chemical means

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6
Q

Give the definition of compounds

A

Pure substance that is made up of simpler substances (elements), in other words two or more elements that are chemically combined

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7
Q

Give the definition of organelles

A

Subcellular structure that has one or more specific job to perform in the cell

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8
Q

Give the definition of cells

A

The smallest unit of life that contains cellular inclusions (organelles)

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9
Q

Give the definition of tissue

A

A group of similarly differentiated cells that perform a common function

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10
Q

Give the definition of organs

A

A group of different tissues, each which perform their own functions, but together perform a common function

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11
Q

Give the definition for an organ system

A

A group of organs that work together to perform a certain function in an organisms body

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12
Q

Give the definition for an organism

A

A living thing that has an organised structure, can react to stimuli, reproduce, grow, adapt and maintain homeostasis

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13
Q

Give the definition of a population

A

A group of organisms of the same species that live together

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14
Q

Give the definition for a community

A

All the populations of different organisms and different species that live together

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15
Q

Give the definition of an ecosystem

A

A particular area in which living (biotic) components interact with each other and with non living (abiotic) components.

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16
Q

Give the definition of biomes

A

Any area with a particular climate, together with all the living organisms occurring in that area. There are terrestrial (land) and aquatic (water) biomes

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17
Q

What are the properties of inorganic compounds

A
  1. Do not have a living origin
  2. Do not contain the element carbon. The exceptions are carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), cyanide compounds (-CN) and the carbonates (-CO3) that contain carbon but don’t have carbon-hydrogen bonds.
  3. Are elements and simple molecules
  4. Do not burn in oxygen
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18
Q

What are the properties of organic compounds

A
  1. Have their origin in living organisms
  2. Contain the element carbon. Examples are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and vitamins which form the building blocks of cells
  3. Usually large and complex molecules
  4. Combustible in oxygen
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19
Q

What are the functions of water in living organisms

A
  1. Solvent
  2. Medium in which chemical reactions occur
  3. Reagent during hydrolysis
  4. Transporting agent
  5. Lubricant
  6. Regulates body temperature
  7. Gives shape and rigidity
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20
Q

Explain what hydrostatic skeletons are

A

Fluid filled bodies that give shape and rigidity to animals such as earthworms or jellyfish

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21
Q

What is turgor pressure

A

Internal pressure caused by water in the vacuoles of plants cell that pushes against the cell wall

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22
Q

What is the difference between a hydrophilic and hydrophobic substance

A

Hydrophilic substances readily react with water and have an affinity for it, maximising contact.
Hydrophobic substances do not dissolve in water and naturally repel it causing droplets to form

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23
Q

What are minerals

A

Inorganic substances/ elements that are needed and absorbed by living organisms.

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24
Q

List the different macronutrients and micronutrients and explain the difference

A

Macronutrients are minerals needed in large quantities every day such as C,H,O,N,P,S, Ca, Mg
Micronutrients are less required such as Fe, Na and Iodine

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25
Q

What is hydrolysis

A

When water breaks polymers down into their monomers

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26
Q

What is the difference between perspiration and transpiration

A

Perspiration is when sweat glands in humans produce sweat which cools the body as it evaporates from the body surface.
Transpiration is when plants are cooled by the loss of water vapour from their leaves.

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27
Q

Which vitamins are fat soluble

A

Vitamin A.D,E and K

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28
Q

Which vitamins are water soluble

A

Vitamin B and C

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29
Q

What is the pH of blood

A

7.4

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30
Q

What happens if blood is too acidic or too alkaline

A

Too acidic blood can lead to coma or death. Alkaline blood leads to nervous problems and convulsions

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31
Q

What is homeostasis

A

The need for humans to maintain a constant internal environment in the body to function optimally

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32
Q

What is a buffer

A

A chemical substance that counteracts pH changes by binding with or releasing excess H ions

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33
Q

What do electrolytes do

A

Electrolytes can conduct electric currents and play an important role in conducting nerve impulses as well as muscle functioning

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34
Q

Name the main organic compounds

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acid

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35
Q

What is the difference between a monomer and a polymer

A

Monomers are the small sub units that bond to form a polymer

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36
Q

What elements make up carbohydrates

A

C, H, O

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37
Q

In what ratio are the elements in carbohydrates bonded

A

C: H : O
1: 2: 1

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38
Q

What are the types of saccharides

A

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides

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39
Q

How many carbon atoms are in a monosaccharide

A

3-7

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40
Q

Are monosaccharides soluble in water

A

Yes

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41
Q

What are the types of monosaccharides and give examples of each

A
  1. Triose sugars, an example is glyceraldehyde
  2. Pentose sugars, examples are ribose (RNA) and deoxyribose (DNA)
  3. Hexose sugars, examples are glucose, fructose and galactose
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42
Q

What is the basic building block of all carbohydrates

A

Glucose

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43
Q

What organic compounds is glucose used to form part of

A

Amino acids and fatty acids

44
Q

What hormones are blood sugar levels (Glucose) controlled by

A

Insulin and glucagon

45
Q

Which is sweeter between glucose and fructose

A

Fructose

46
Q

What does galactose form part of

A

Lactose, milk sugar

47
Q

When does a disaccharide occur and what is the result

A

They occur when two monosaccharides are joined. One water molecule is removed to form a disaccharide. A condensation reaction occurs as a result and glycosidic bonds form

48
Q

List 3 Disaccharides and what they consist of

A
  1. Sucrose, consists of glucose and fructose
  2. Lactose, consists of galactose and glucose
  3. Maltose, consist of 2 glucose monosaccharides
49
Q

Name where malt sugar is found

A

Germinating seeds of grain

50
Q

What are polysaccharides

A

Long chains of monosaccharides that bind to one another by a condensation reaction

51
Q

List the types of polysaccharides and where they are found/stored

A
  1. Starch, stored in plants
  2. Glycogen, stored in animals as reverse energy source usually in muscle and liver cells
  3. Cellulose, it is a structural connection in the cell walls of plants
  4. Chitin, found in the exoskeleton of insects as well as the cell walls of fungi
52
Q

What is the difference between amylase and amylopectin

A

Amylase has shorter, unbranched chains of monosaccharides and is soluble to a certain degree.
Amylopectin has long, unbranched chains consisting of 1000 glucose molecules and is not soluble in water

53
Q

Between glycogen and cellulose which is soluble in water

A

Glycogen

54
Q

Why do we need cellulose in our diet

A

To help with peristalsis

55
Q

What is the importance of carbohydrates in plants and animals

A
  1. Source of energy
  2. Source of reserve energy
  3. Structural component
56
Q

What are lipids soluble in

A

Non polar solvents such as ether

57
Q

What elements are lipids made up of

A

C, H, O

58
Q

What are triglycerides

A

Compounds formed when 3 molecules of fatty acids bind to one molecule of glycerol

59
Q

What is glycerol

A

A type of alcohol with 3 hydroxyl group

60
Q

What kind of chains do fatty acids have

A

Long hydrocarbon chains

61
Q

Where are saturated and unsaturated fats found, give examples and what state are they at room temperature

A

Saturated fats are found from animals eg. butter/lard. They are solid at room temperature
Unsaturated fats are found from plants eg. olive oil/sunflower oil. They are liquids at room temperature

62
Q

In what ratio are hydrogen and oxygen bonded in lipids compared to in carbohydrates

A

The H:O ratio in lipids is much higher than it is in carbohydrates

63
Q

What are saturated fats used for in the body

A

They are used by the body to synthesize cholesterol

64
Q

What is cholesterol and what does it form

A

It is a white, wax like substance that forms part of the cell membranes and hormones

65
Q

What is atherosclerosis and how does high cholesterol levels lead to health problems

A

Atherosclerosis is when high cholesterol levels in the blood cause fatty deposits (plaque) in the arteries and narrowing them. Blood platelets aggregate at these narrow areas and form a blood clot, this can lead to angina or heart attack

66
Q

Why are lipids important

A
  1. Source of reserve energy
  2. Insulating material
  3. Structural component of cell membranes
  4. Shock absorption
  5. Waterproofing
  6. Absorption of minerals
  7. Source of water
67
Q

What elements do proteins consist of

A

C,H,O,N and may be bound to other elements such as Fe, P and S

68
Q

What are proteins made up of

A

Amino acids

69
Q

How many amino acids are in a protein

A

51+ amino acids linked by peptide bonds

70
Q

How many common amino acids are there (from which all proteins in living organisms are made)

A

20

71
Q

How many of the common amino acids are essential and why are they essential

A

9, They are essential because they can’t be synthesized in the body from other compounds and must be obtained from the diet

72
Q

Fill in the missing words:

Amino acids are bonded together by _______ to form _____

A

Amino acids are bonded together by PEPTIDE BONDS to form PEPTIDES

73
Q

Describe the primary structure of a protein

A

Refers to a sequence of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain

74
Q

Describe the secondary structure of a protein

A

First level of 3D folding. Its driven by hydrogen bonding. Results in the chain coiling and other regions forming sheets

75
Q

Describe the tertiary structure of a protein

A

Second level of 3D folding. The chain folds into globular shape driven by hydrophobic interactions and electrostatic attractions

76
Q

Describe the quaternary structure of a protein

A

The complete structures associate together by hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions to form the final protein.

77
Q

What is the importance of proteins

A
  1. Structural component of protoplasm
  2. Building material
  3. Structural component of cell membranes
  4. Source of reserve energy
  5. Hormones regulate processes in the body
  6. Haemoglobin transports oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood
  7. Protects the body against disease
  8. Chromosomes carry hereditary material
  9. Act as buffers
  10. Enzymes control metabolic processes in the body
78
Q

What is an enzyme

A

A biological catalyst that accelerates a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy, without itself being changed by the reaction

79
Q

Explain the difference between catabolic and anabolic reactions

A

During catabolic reactions a complex molecule is broken down into simpler molecules and energy is released.
During anabolic reactions a complex molecule is built up from simple molecules and energy is required

80
Q

What is an active site

A

The region where the substrate fits into the enzyme for the chemical reaction to occur

81
Q

What does it mean when we say enzymes are substrate specific

A

A specific enzyme can only act of a specific substrate

82
Q

What is a substrate

A

The substance on which an enzyme acts

83
Q

Explain what occurs when an enzyme acts on a substance

A

The substance which the enzyme acts on is called a substrate. The substance formed during the reaction is the product. The substrate molecule fits into the the enzymes active site. (enzymes are substrate specific)
The enzyme lowers the activation energy of the reaction. The substrate changes chemically and leaves the active site. The enzyme remains unchanged

84
Q

What is the difference between a co enzyme, co factor and apo enzyme

A

Apo enzymes are enzymes that need non protein portions (co factors) to perform their functions. Co enzymes are the organic non protein portions that bind to apo enzymes and act as co factors.

85
Q

Do vitamins or minerals act as co enzymes

A

vitamins

86
Q

What is co enzyme A’s role

A

It is important for respiration

87
Q

At what temperature do enzymes function best in humans

A

37 degrees celcius

88
Q

What happens when proteins (enzymes) denture

A

The hydrogen hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions that result in the proteins 3D shape break down and unravel the protein into its primary structure, a long chain of amino acids. The shape of the active site and the shape of the protein is altered. The substrate can no longer fit and chemical reactions cant happen.

89
Q

What does a low temperature do to enzymes

A

It can slow down or inactivate enzymes because of the low kinetic energy

90
Q

What is affected when an enzyme is exposed to a pH outside of its range

A

pH affects the charge on some amino acids so the electrostatic interactions holding the tertiary structure together are affected

91
Q

What are the factors that affect enzyme action

A

Temperature and pH

92
Q

What elements do nucleic acids consist of

A

C, H, O, N, P

93
Q

What are the types of nucleic acids

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

94
Q

Where is DNA found and what does form part of

A

It is found the nucleus of the cell and forms part of the chromatin network and chromosomes (during cell division)

95
Q

What are the functions of DNA

A

It carries hereditary characteristics and controls the structure and function of the cell

96
Q

Where is RNA found and what does it form part of

A

It is found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of cells and forms part of ribosomes

97
Q

What is the function of RNA

A

It plays a role in protein synthesis to ensure that the amino acids bind to one another in a certain sequence according to the instructions provided by the DNA

98
Q

Why are vitamins essential

A

They are essential for normal metabolism, growth and development of the human body

99
Q

Where are water soluble vitamins stored

A

They are not stored in the body and are excreted in urine so they must be taken regularly

100
Q

Where are fat soluble vitamins stored

A

They are stored in the body

101
Q

What do we use to test for glucose

A

Benedict’s solution

102
Q

What do we use to test for starch

A

Iodine solution

103
Q

What do we use to test for lipids

A

Ethanol/ Ether

104
Q

What do we use to test for proteins

A

Biuret test

105
Q

What is the definition for eutrophication

A

The process by which a body of water becomes enriched in dissolved nutrients (such as phosphates) that stimulate the growth of aquatic plant life usually resulting in the depletion of dissolved oxygen.

106
Q

What is hypoxia and dead zone

A

Hypoxia: Low in oxygen

Dead Zone: Devoid of oxygen and animal life

107
Q

Explain eutrophication

A

Excessive nutrients enter waterways from fertilisers. nutrients help develop plant growth and algal blooms occur. algae dies and is decomposed by bacteria. decomposition of algae increases biological oxygen demand. fish and other aquatic life forms die.

Grade 10 Biology (9 decks)

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