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Grade 10 Biology > Chapter 3: Plant tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Plant tissue Flashcards

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1
Q

What is mitosis

A

a process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells

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2
Q

What is plant tissue

A

a collection of similar cells performing an organised function for the plant

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3
Q

What is photosynthesis

A

The process in which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize nutrients from carbon dioxide and water. Photosynthesis in plants generally involves the green pigment chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a by-product.

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4
Q

What does intracellular mean

A

The communication between cells or substances inside the cell

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5
Q

What does intercellular mean

A

The communication or substances between cells

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6
Q

What does extracellular mean

A

The communication or substances outside the cell

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7
Q

Define plasmodesmata

A

Microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells and some algal cells, enabling transport and communication between them

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8
Q

What is the first grouping which plant tissue can be divided into

A

Meristematic tissue and permanent tissue

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9
Q

What is meristematic tissue

A

Undifferentiated and unspecialised tissue which have no specific function in the plant yet except growth. It contains actively dividing cells (undergo mitosis) that result in the formation of other tissue types

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10
Q

Where is meristematic tissue found

A

In the growth regions of the plant - tips of the stems and root, axillary buds etc.

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11
Q

What groups can meristematic tissue be divided into

A 
Apical Meristem (primary growth)
Lateral Meristem (secondary growth)
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12
Q

What are the characteristics of meristematic cells

A
  1. Relatively small
  2. Cubic in shape
  3. No vacuole present
  4. Large and noticeable nucleus
  5. Cell walls are thin
  6. Dense cytoplasm
  7. Densely packed and have no intercellular spaces
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13
Q

What is the apical meristem responsible for

A

The primary growth of the plant

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14
Q

Where is are the apical meristem cells found

A

At the points of roots and stems

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15
Q

Fill in the missing word

Through _____ the apical meristem cells are responsible for _______ growth of the plant

A

Through mitosis the apical meristem cells are responsible for the longitudinal growth of the plant

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16
Q

What is another word for the lateral meristem

A

the cambium

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17
Q

What is the lateral meristem responsible for

A

the secondary growth of the plant

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18
Q

Where can the lateral meristem cells be found

A

Between the Xylem and Phloem in the vascular bundles of dicotyledonous plants

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19
Q

What does the lateral meristem do also comment on their structure in the plant

A

The cells increase the girth of the plant, meaning the plant will grow thicker. The basic structure of these cells are the same as the apical meristem tissue but some of the cells are flatter and slightly elongated and some might have a thicker wall

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20
Q

What is permanent tissue

A

tissue that already differentiated to perform a particular function

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21
Q

What can permanent tissue be divided into

A
  1. Simple tissue
    it consists of only one cell type
    (Ground and Dermal tissue)
  2. Complex tissue
    tissue consisting of more than one type of cell
    (Vascular tissue)
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22
Q

What groups does ground tissue consist of

A

Parenchyma. Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma

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23
Q

What groups does dermal tissue consist of

A

Epidermis and Periderm

24
Q

What is the most general and abundant of ground tissue

A

Parenchyma

25
Q

What are the functions of parenchyma cells

A
  1. Photosynthesis
    done by the chlorenchyma which is parenchyma containing chloroplasts, it occurs in green plants especially the mesophyll of leaves
  2. Storage
    of food such as starch and oils. Vacuoles store salts an sugar in the plant. Occurs in colourless plant parts, especially the marrow, but also in the cortex, seed lobes and endosperm of seeds
  3. Secretion
    can secrete tannins, resin, hormones, enzymes and nectar
  4. Meristematic functions
    These cells can differentiate into other types of cells, allows growth
  5. Filling tissue
    these cells are found as filling tissue in plant organs
  6. Gas exchange
    done by the aerenchyma which contains large open spaces. In aquatic plants this helps with floating
26
Q

Describe the cell structure of parenchyma

A
  1. Large vacuoles
  2. Large cells with thin cell walls
  3. Some can contain chloroplasts
  4. Contains intercellular spaces
  5. Round to elongated in shape
27
Q

What is collenchyma

A

simple, permanent tissue typically found in the shoots and leaves of herbaceous plants

28
Q

What are the functions of collenchyma cells

A
  1. To lend support for the plant
  2. Strengthening in the plant structure
  3. Photosynthesis (but only when the cells contain chloroplasts)
29
Q

Describe the structure of collenchyma

A
  1. Irregular thickened walls, especially in the corners of these cells
  2. The cells remain alive, even when mature
  3. Mostly found as strands in ground tissue
30
Q

What are the types of sclerenchyma and define them

A

Sclereids: They have thickened, highly lignified walls with pits running through the walls. They support the soft tissues of pears and guavas and are found in the shells of some nuts.

Fibres: They are long and arrow and have thick lignified cell walls. They provide mechanical strength to the plant and allow for the conduction of water. They occur in groups in wood, the inner part of the bark and as vascular tissue

31
Q

What fabrics are sclerenchyma tissues important components of

A

flax, jute and hemp. Fibres are important components of ropes and matrasses because of their ability to withstand high loads. Fibres found in jute are useful in processing textiles, given that their principal cell wall component is cellulose

32
Q

What are the functions of sclerenchyma cells

A
  1. Acts as strengthening tissue

2. Provides mechanical support for the plants

33
Q

Describe the cell structure of sclerenchyma

A
  1. Cell walls are uniformly thickened with lignin
  2. Each cell contains small lumen
  3. Has no living content in its mature form, in reality the cells are dead
  4. Cell walls are not as elastic as the walls of parenchyma and collenchyma
34
Q

Describe the epidermis

A

A single layer of cells that covers plant leaves, flowers, roots and stems. It is the outermost cell layer of the plant body and plays a protective role in the plant.

Herbaceous plants are covered by an epidermis that has one layer of cells.
Initially woody plants also have an epidermis, but as organs, especially the stems and roots, grow thicker, the epidermis tears and is replaced by the periderm. The periderm in older woody plants forms the bark

35
Q

List 7 points on the structure of dermal tissue and the functions of those structures

A

Structure
1. Layer of cells covering the surface of the entire plant
(This acts as a barrier to fungi and other micro organisms and pathogens)

  1. Layer is thin and transparent
    (Allow for light to pass through, thereby allowing for photosynthesis in the tissues below)
  2. Epidermal tissues have abundant trichomes which are tiny hairs projecting from the surface of epidermis. Trichomes are abundant in some plant leaves
    (Leaf trichomes trap water in the area above the stomata and prevent water loss)
  3. Root hairs are elongations of epidermal cells in the root
    (Root hairs maximise the surface area over which absorption of water from the soil can occur)
  4. Epidermal tissues in leaves are covered with a waxy cuticle
    (The waxy outer layer on the epidermis prevents water loss from thee leaves)
  5. Epidermal tissues contain guard cells containing chloroplasts
    (Guard cells control the opening and closing of the pores known as stomata thus controlling water loss in plants)
  6. Some plant epidermal cells can secrete poisonous or bad tasting substances
    (the bitter taste of the substances deter browsing and grazing by animals)
36
Q

What is a stoma

A

a pore found in the leaf and stem epidermis that allows for gaseous exchange. It is bordered on either side by a pair of specialised cells known as guard cells

37
Q

What are guard cells

A

bean shaped specialised epidermal cells, found mainly on the lower surface of leaves, which are responsible for regulating the size of the stomata opening

38
Q

What is stomata

A

The stoma and guard cells together

39
Q

What does stomata do

A

the stomata in the epidermis allow oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapour to enter and leave the leaf

40
Q

True or false

Guard cells contain chloroplasts and can participate in photosynthesis

A

true

41
Q

Explain how guard cells work

A

Opening and closing of the guard cells is determined by the turgor pressure of the two guard cells.
The turgor pressure is controlled by movements of large quantities of ions and sugar into the guard cells.
When guard cells take up these solutes, the water potential decreases causing water to flow into the guard cells via osmosis.
This leads to an increase in the swelling of the guard cells and the stomatal pores open.

42
Q

What are the functions of the epidermis

A
  1. To protect the other plant tissues against harm and from drying out
  2. Cuticle will prevent excessive water loss
  3. Absorption of water and minerals, done by root hairs
  4. Gas exchange, controlled by guard cells
  5. Allows photosynthesis- by being transparent, sunlight can reach the deeper tissue layers
43
Q

What is a type of complex tissue

A

Vascular tissue, the Xylem and Phloem are the vascular tissues found in plants

44
Q

What does vascular tissue in plants do

A

They form the transport system within the plants and have vein like structure and arrangement

45
Q

What does Xylem consist of

A

It consists mainly of wood vessel segments and tracheids

46
Q

Does xylem contain living content

A

xylem does not contain any living contents

47
Q

What cell types can Xylem consist of

A
  1. Tracheids
  2. Wood vessel segments (tracheids and wood vessel segments are responsible for transport)
  3. Parenchyma (responsible for the storage of the substances)
  4. Fibres (play an important role in support and strengthening)
48
Q

What are the functions of Xylem

A
  1. Upwards transport of water and dissolved mineral salts, from the roots to the leaves. Wood vessels are the most important cells responsible for water transport
  2. Strengthening and support in woody plants, form wood
  3. Transport will only take place in one direction
49
Q

Describe wood vessel segments

A
  1. Have thickened cell walls
  2. No living cell contents
  3. They have elongated cells that make a long tube because the cells are arranged end to end, and the point of contact between the two cells is dissolved away
  4. Round in cross section
  5. Pits for lateral transport
  6. Have lignin in their secondary wall, which provides additional strength and support. The lignin can form spiral, net or ring patterns
  7. Transverse walls are perforated
  8. Hollow, continuous tubes. (they are hollow because they lack protoplasm)
50
Q

Describe tracheids

A
  1. They have elongated cells with pointed ends
  2. Tracheids do not have end openings like xylem vessels
  3. The ends overlap with one another, with pairs of pits present which allow water to pass through horizontally from cell to cell
  4. They have thickened cell walls containing lignin
51
Q

What does the phloem consist of

A

It consists of living cells

52
Q

True or false

The phloem does not have thickened walls

A

true

53
Q

What are the phloem system’s two main cell types

A

sieve tubes and companion cells

54
Q

What are the 4 cell types that help with phloem system transport

A
  1. Sieve tubes
  2. Companion cells (sieve tubes and companion cells responsible for transport of nutrients)
  3. Parenchyma (responsible for the storage of substances
  4. Phloem fibres (responsible for support and strengthening)
55
Q

What are the functions of phloem

A
  1. The transport of dissolved organic food from the leaves to other plant parts
  2. The sieve tubes are the main transport for cells
56
Q

Describe sieve tube elements

A
  1. Rounded in the cross sections
  2. Elongated cells
  3. Transverse wall between the connecting segments are perforated and known as sieve plates
  4. Can have thin to slightly thickened walls
  5. Pits and plasmodesmata occur
  6. Closely associated with companion cells
  7. Mature sieve cells do not contain a nucleus but are metabolically active
57
Q

Describe companion cells

A
  1. Thin walls
  2. Large nucleus
  3. Closely associated with sieve tubes
  4. Nucleus is responsible for the metabolic activity of both companion cells and sieve tube cells
  5. Contains pits and plasmodesmata

Grade 10 Biology (9 decks)

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