Traffic congestion + Development + Nigeria Flashcards
How are Freiburg reducing traffic congestion
ITS
400km of cycle paths
Low tram fares
Free tickets with any sporting/entertainment ticket
How are Singapore reducing traffic congestion
Restricted entry to the city centre during rush hour
High petrol prices
As a result there are 25% fewer accidents in the city centre
How are Beijing reducing traffic congestion
Cars are banned from the city 1 day a week
Pollution and congestion tax introduced
As a result there has been a 20% drop in car use
What is development
Positive that makes things better
Measures of development
GNI
Birth rate (per thousand)
Death rate (per thousand)
Infant mortality rate (die before 1)
People per doctor
Access to safe water
Life expectancy
HDI - life expectancy, education and GNI
Stages of the DTM
1 - birth rate is high and death rate is high but they are fluctuating
2 - birth rate is high and steady and death rate is rapidly falling
3 - birth rate is falling and death rate is falling slowly
4 + 5 - most developed. birth rates are low and death rate is low. actually in stage 5 the population is slowly falling as birth rates are so low
Physical factors affecting how developed a country is
Climate
Poor farming land
Few raw materials (exports really)
Lots of natural disasters
Economic factors affecting development
Poor trade links
Lots of debt
Economy based on primary products - e.g in 2018 the cost of cocoa dropped below the cost of production and farmers had to rely on government subsidies
Historical causes of uneven development
Colonisation
Conflict
Consequences of uneven development
Inequality in wealth
Health
International migration - eg 130k people move from Mexico to the USA each year
Strategies that can reduce the development gap
Investment (Foreign) - Vietnam recieved $182 billion to help improve industries such as motorbikes
Aid - UK gave South Sudan £180 million for water, healthcare and education
However can be wasted by corruption
Fair trade - In 2016 FT farmers in Malawi used some of their premium to build a new school and expand their hospital
However sometimes only a small proportion of the profit reaches the farmers
Intermediate technology - Solar power lightbulbs are being used in Nepal instead of dangerous kerosene ones to allow people to work after dark
Microfinance loans -Grameen bank in Bangladesh microfinance is being used to allow women to buy their own mobile phones - allowing them to set up their own businesses
Industrial development
Debt relief - In 2005 Zambia has $4 billion of debt cancelled which allowed them to start a free healthcare scheme the next year
What was Jamaica like before tourism
Once gaining independence from Britain, agricultural systems failed to run effectively and high unemployment and debts plagued the country
Facts about tourism in Jamaica
In 2018, 30% of Jamaica’s economy was tourism
1 in 4 Jamaicans are employed in tourism
4.3 mil tourists visited Jamaica in 2017
Provides 200k jobs (directly and indirectly)
Pros and cons of tourism in Jamaica
Pros:
Jobs
Global reputation improves
Some areas of wildlife are protected
Cons:
More construction means that more concrete (CO2)
Uneven development (North is richer)
Why is Nigeria important internationally
21st largest economy in the world
5th largest contributor to UN peacekeeping missions
Supplies 2.7% of the world’s oil
Why is Nigeria important regionally
Largest population of any African country
Highest farm output in Africa
In 2014 it had Africa’s highest GDP
Political context of Nigeria
Since 1999 Nigeria has had a stable government but before it was highly corrupt and instable
It became independent from UK in 1960
Social context of Nigeria
A multi-ethnic and multi-faith country but this has been a source of conflict, including a civil war between 1967 and 1970
Recently economic inequality between the Islamic north and Christian south has created new tensions
Cultural context of Nigeria
Nigerian music - e.g Dave (who does not make Nigerian music)
Nollywood - second largest film industry
Nigerian Eagles won AFCON 3 times
What are Nigeria’s political links
OPEC - petroleum exporting countries - stabilise the price of oil
CEN-SAD - Sahel-Saharan states - trading group
African Union - economic planning and peacekeeping
UN - Peacekeeping
ECOWAS - Econ. commun. of West African states - trading group
What are Nigeria’s main imports and exports
Imports:
Refined petroleum from the EU and USA
Cars from Brazil
Phones from China
Exports:
Crude oil
Natural gas
Rubber
Cocoa
Cotton
What has happened to Nigeria’s oil exports
USA used to be the main customer however shale oil was discovered and now India is the main customer
Pros and cons of TNCs in Nigeria
Pros:
Employment
Investment in local
Infrastructure and education
Export revenues
Cons:
Poor pay sometimes
Working conditions can be poor
Management jobs often go to foreign employees
Much of the profit goes abroad
Shell in Nigeria
Pros and cons
Pros:
Major contributions in taxes
Direct contribution to employment (65 000 Nigerians)
91% of all Shell contracts have been placed with Nigerian companies
Cons:
Oil spills - such as the Bodo Oil spill have damaged the environment
Oil theft and sabotage cost the TNC and government billions of dollars a year
Types of aid
Emergency aid - following a conflict or natural disaster
Developmental aid - long-term aid aimed at improving QoL
How does aid benefit Nigeria
In 2014 the World Bank approved a US$500 million loan to fund development projects
Aid from USA helps to protect people against the spread of AIDS/HIV
Bodo oil spill
560 000 barrels of oil spilled onto land
Niger Delta
Destroying 1000ha of mangroves
£55 million compensation
SEnP Factors for QoL in Nigeria
S - Militant group of Boko Haram spread fear among Nigerians
En - Threats of disease spread by the tsetse fly, desertification and pollution
P - Need for a more stable government
