Traffic congestion + Development + Nigeria Flashcards

1
Q

How are Freiburg reducing traffic congestion

A

ITS
400km of cycle paths
Low tram fares
Free tickets with any sporting/entertainment ticket

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2
Q

How are Singapore reducing traffic congestion

A

Restricted entry to the city centre during rush hour

High petrol prices

As a result there are 25% fewer accidents in the city centre

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3
Q

How are Beijing reducing traffic congestion

A

Cars are banned from the city 1 day a week

Pollution and congestion tax introduced

As a result there has been a 20% drop in car use

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4
Q

What is development

A

Positive that makes things better

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5
Q

Measures of development

A

GNI
Birth rate (per thousand)
Death rate (per thousand)
Infant mortality rate (die before 1)
People per doctor
Access to safe water
Life expectancy
HDI - life expectancy, education and GNI

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6
Q

Stages of the DTM

A

1 - birth rate is high and death rate is high but they are fluctuating

2 - birth rate is high and steady and death rate is rapidly falling

3 - birth rate is falling and death rate is falling slowly

4 + 5 - most developed. birth rates are low and death rate is low. actually in stage 5 the population is slowly falling as birth rates are so low

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7
Q

Physical factors affecting how developed a country is

A

Climate
Poor farming land
Few raw materials (exports really)
Lots of natural disasters

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8
Q

Economic factors affecting development

A

Poor trade links
Lots of debt
Economy based on primary products - e.g in 2018 the cost of cocoa dropped below the cost of production and farmers had to rely on government subsidies

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9
Q

Historical causes of uneven development

A

Colonisation
Conflict

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10
Q

Consequences of uneven development

A

Inequality in wealth
Health
International migration - eg 130k people move from Mexico to the USA each year

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11
Q

Strategies that can reduce the development gap

A

Investment (Foreign) - Vietnam recieved $182 billion to help improve industries such as motorbikes

Aid - UK gave South Sudan £180 million for water, healthcare and education
However can be wasted by corruption

Fair trade - In 2016 FT farmers in Malawi used some of their premium to build a new school and expand their hospital
However sometimes only a small proportion of the profit reaches the farmers

Intermediate technology - Solar power lightbulbs are being used in Nepal instead of dangerous kerosene ones to allow people to work after dark

Microfinance loans -Grameen bank in Bangladesh microfinance is being used to allow women to buy their own mobile phones - allowing them to set up their own businesses

Industrial development

Debt relief - In 2005 Zambia has $4 billion of debt cancelled which allowed them to start a free healthcare scheme the next year

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12
Q

What was Jamaica like before tourism

A

Once gaining independence from Britain, agricultural systems failed to run effectively and high unemployment and debts plagued the country

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13
Q

Facts about tourism in Jamaica

A

In 2018, 30% of Jamaica’s economy was tourism

1 in 4 Jamaicans are employed in tourism

4.3 mil tourists visited Jamaica in 2017

Provides 200k jobs (directly and indirectly)

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14
Q

Pros and cons of tourism in Jamaica

A

Pros:
Jobs
Global reputation improves
Some areas of wildlife are protected

Cons:
More construction means that more concrete (CO2)
Uneven development (North is richer)

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15
Q

Why is Nigeria important internationally

A

21st largest economy in the world
5th largest contributor to UN peacekeeping missions
Supplies 2.7% of the world’s oil

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16
Q

Why is Nigeria important regionally

A

Largest population of any African country
Highest farm output in Africa
In 2014 it had Africa’s highest GDP

17
Q

Political context of Nigeria

A

Since 1999 Nigeria has had a stable government but before it was highly corrupt and instable

It became independent from UK in 1960

18
Q

Social context of Nigeria

A

A multi-ethnic and multi-faith country but this has been a source of conflict, including a civil war between 1967 and 1970

Recently economic inequality between the Islamic north and Christian south has created new tensions

19
Q

Cultural context of Nigeria

A

Nigerian music - e.g Dave (who does not make Nigerian music)

Nollywood - second largest film industry

Nigerian Eagles won AFCON 3 times

20
Q

What are Nigeria’s political links

A

OPEC - petroleum exporting countries - stabilise the price of oil

CEN-SAD - Sahel-Saharan states - trading group

African Union - economic planning and peacekeeping

UN - Peacekeeping

ECOWAS - Econ. commun. of West African states - trading group

21
Q

What are Nigeria’s main imports and exports

A

Imports:
Refined petroleum from the EU and USA
Cars from Brazil
Phones from China

Exports:
Crude oil
Natural gas
Rubber
Cocoa
Cotton

22
Q

What has happened to Nigeria’s oil exports

A

USA used to be the main customer however shale oil was discovered and now India is the main customer

23
Q

Pros and cons of TNCs in Nigeria

A

Pros:
Employment

Investment in local

Infrastructure and education
Export revenues

Cons:
Poor pay sometimes

Working conditions can be poor

Management jobs often go to foreign employees

Much of the profit goes abroad

24
Q

Shell in Nigeria
Pros and cons

A

Pros:
Major contributions in taxes

Direct contribution to employment (65 000 Nigerians)

91% of all Shell contracts have been placed with Nigerian companies

Cons:

Oil spills - such as the Bodo Oil spill have damaged the environment

Oil theft and sabotage cost the TNC and government billions of dollars a year

25
Q

Types of aid

A

Emergency aid - following a conflict or natural disaster

Developmental aid - long-term aid aimed at improving QoL

26
Q

How does aid benefit Nigeria

A

In 2014 the World Bank approved a US$500 million loan to fund development projects

Aid from USA helps to protect people against the spread of AIDS/HIV

27
Q

Bodo oil spill

A

560 000 barrels of oil spilled onto land

Niger Delta

Destroying 1000ha of mangroves

£55 million compensation

28
Q

SEnP Factors for QoL in Nigeria

A

S - Militant group of Boko Haram spread fear among Nigerians

En - Threats of disease spread by the tsetse fly, desertification and pollution

P - Need for a more stable government