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NLM2 > Tracts/Pathways > Flashcards

Tracts/Pathways Flashcards

1
Q

How many sensory pathways are there?

A

Five

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2
Q

What are the five sensory pathways?

A 
Spinothalamic pathway
Dorsal column medial leminiscal pathway
Spinal tract V
Chief sensory Tract
Spinocerebellar tract
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3
Q

What pathways receive information from the body?

A

Spinothalamic
Dorsal Column medial leminiscal
Spinocerebellar

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4
Q

What pathways receive information from the head?

A

Spinal tract V

Chief sensory tract

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5
Q

What are some of the nerve endings that actually receive sensory information?

A 
Free Nerve Endings
Merkels Discs
Pacinian corpuscles
Messiners corpuscles
Ruffini end-organs

Muscle spindle fibres
Golgi tendon organs

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6
Q

What are the two ways the brain selectively chooses the sensory information we consciously are aware of?

A

Accomodation

Selective awareness

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7
Q

What is accommodation?

A

When the brain NO LONGER feels certain sensory inputs that have been present for a long while

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8
Q

What is selective awareness?

A

When the brain chooses TO RECEIVE certain sensory inputs (cocktail party phenomenon)

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9
Q

What type of sensory input does the spinothalamic tract receive?

A

Crude touch/pressure, Pain, Temperature

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10
Q

What type of sensory input does the dorsal column medial leminiscus tract receive?

A

Discriminative touch/vibration, proprioception

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11
Q

What type of input does spinal tract V receive?

A

Crude touch/pressure, pain, temperature

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12
Q

What type of input does The chief sensory nucleus V receive?

A

Discriminative touch/vibration and proprioception

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13
Q

What pathway do both Spinal tract V and The chief sensory tract travel in?

A

The trigemino-thalamic tract (TTT)

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14
Q

What cranial nerves contribute to spinal tract V?

A

Trigeminal (main), Facial, Glossopharyngeal and Vagus

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15
Q

What cranial nerves contribute to the chief sensory tract?

A

Only the trigeminal

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16
Q

Where do The spinothalamic and dorsal column medial leminiscal tracts and spinal tract V and chief sensory nucleus tract synapse in the thalamus?

A

The spinothalamic and dorsal column both synapse in the VPL as they come from the body

Spinal tract V and the chief sensory nucleus synapse in teh VPM as they come from the head

17
Q

What is different about the spino-cerebellar tract to all the other sensory tracts?

A

It gives it’s input ipsilaterally

18
Q

What kind of input does the spinocerebellar tract give?

A

Proprioception of muscles to co-ordinate posture and balance

19
Q

Where does the spinocerebellar tract synapse (eventually)?

A

The cerebellum

20
Q

What are the two different types of motor pathways?

A

Voluntary - Pyramidal

Involuntary - extra-pyramidal

21
Q

What are the two pyramidal motor pathways? Whats the difference between them?

A

Corticospinal - body and limbs

Corticobulbar - Head

22
Q

What type of neurones do the extrapyramidal motor pathways act on?

A

Gamma Lower motor neurones

23
Q

What kinds of actions are extrapyramidal motor pathways involved in?

A

Inhibition of muscles:

  • Reflexes
  • Posture
24
Q

Where are the UMN cell bodies located in the cortico-spinal tract?

A

Mostly in the primary motor cortex, but also importantly in the:

Association motor cortex AND sensory cortex

25
Q

UMN of the cortico-spinal tract that originate in the primary sensory cortex synapse where, what is their use?

A

Synapse on the Dorsal medial leminiscal pathway and are involved in the proprioceptive functions of muscle

26
Q

What are the differences in the lateral and the anterior corticospinal tracts?

A

The Lateral corticospinal tract (90% of fibres):

  • Cross at the decussation point
  • Descend on the contralateral side
  • Distal muscles and fine motor control

The Anterior corticospinal tract:

  • Do not cross
  • Descend on the ipsilateral side
  • Axial Muscles (around spine) and posture/balance
27
Q

What is the route from the UMN of the lateral corticospinal tract?

A

UMN passes through the internal capsule

Pass down into the brainstem and through the crus cerebri, through the pons to the medulla where they form the pyramids

Cross at the decussation point and descend in the lateral funiculus

Then go to ventral horn of grey matter and then onto a mixed spinal nerve

28
Q

What route from the UMN will the anterior corticospinal tract take?

A

UMN passes through the internal capsule

Pass down into the brainstem and through the crus cerebri, through the pons to the medulla where they form the pyramids

Will not cross but will continue down the anterior funiculus

Will then cross at the anterior white commisure

29
Q

If there is a lesion to the corticospinal tract at the level of the brain where will the effects be seen

A

Contralateral side (assume it is the lateral corticospinal tract).

30
Q

What is spinal shock?

A

Occurs when there is damage to the spinal cord and all spinal functions stop for a period of time after the trauma.

31
Q

Classic signs of UMN lesion?

A

Spastic paralysis (pen-knife response)

Clonus (rythmic contractions)

Hypereflexia/hypertonia (extrapyramidal damage)

Positive babinski’s sign

32
Q

Classic signs of a LMN lesion?

A

Flaccid paralysis - weakness/reduced tone

Positive atrophy (permanent)

Fasciculations

Hyporeflexia

33
Q

What path does the corticobulbar pathway take?

A

UMN is in cortex and then synapses onto interneurone and then onto a cranial nerve

34
Q

What does damage to the corticobulbar tract usually cause?

Exceptions?

A

Usually causes slight weakness (palsy) not full blown as there is usually bilateral innervation

CNVII and CNXII do not give out bilateral innervation.

35
Q

If there is a lesion to the corticobulbar pathway to the hypoglossal nerve affecting the UMN what will the effects be?

A

Tongue will deviate to the opposite side

36
Q

If there is a lesion to the corticobulbar pathway to the hypoglossal nerve affecting the LMN what will the effects be?

A

Tongue will deviate to the same side

37
Q

Damage to the corticobulbar pathway to the facial nerve will cause what?

A

Paralysis on the lower part of one side of the face.

NLM2 (14 decks)

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