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NLM2 > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Two types of bone tumours? (in their features)

A

Lytic (most common) bone broken down

Sclerotic - hardens bone

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2
Q

Main presenting features of bone tumours?

A 
Swelling
Pain 
Pathological fracture
Hyper-calcemia
Fever
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3
Q

What is osteochondroma?

A

Common benign growth of epiphyses

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4
Q

Types of bone marrow tumours?

A

Leukaemia

Multiple Myeloma

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5
Q

3 most common types of dementia?

A

Alzheimers

Dementia with lewy bodies

Multiple Infarct dementia

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6
Q

Name of acute and reversible cognitive dysfunction

A

delirium

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7
Q

Definition of dementia?

A

Irreversible decline of cognitive function from an individual that was previously of normal intellectual abilities

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8
Q

Histological changes in alzheimers

A

AB amyloid plaques

Angiopathy due to AB amyloid

Neurofibrillary tangles of Tau

Loss of neurones

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9
Q

What stain is used to demonstrate amyloid?

A

Congo red

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10
Q

What are the two proteins that have roles in the pathogenesis of dementia?

What do they do?

A

APP:

Forms Amyloid Beta when it is not degraded properly
This produces angiopathy and senile plaques

Tau:

Amyloid beta causes it to be hyperpolarised this leads to neurofibrillary tangles of Tau and then neuronal death

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11
Q

Discriminative features of lewy body dementia?

A

Fluctuations in mental state

Visual hallucinations

Features of parkinsons

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12
Q

What are lewy bodies?

A

Aggregates of α-synuclein

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13
Q

Risk factors for multi-infarct dementia?

A

General vascular risks:

Hyperlipidaemia
High Blood Pressure
Smoking
Diabetes

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14
Q

What are the spongiform transmissible encephalopathies?

A

Transmissible forms of rapidly progressive dementia, due to changes in protein structure, (prion proteins)

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15
Q

What are the pathological changes that lead to spongiform ecephalopathy in prion proteins?

A

PrPc is the normal form of the protein, this can spontaneously change or be transmitted at PrPsc, PrPsc causes PrPc to change to PrPsc, producing a positive feedback loop, accumulating PrPsc in the CNS and causing rapid neurodegeneration.

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16
Q

What are common effects of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Proximal metacarpal joints inflamed

Ulnar deviation

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17
Q

Can rheumatoid arthritis predispose to osteoarthritis

A

Yes

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18
Q

Pathogenesis leading to rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Initial inflammation due to an infection, IgG antibodies released

Body makes anti-idiotype antibodies (antibodies against the IgG antibodies)

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19
Q

How is complement activated?

A

Activated by the Fc portion of the antibody when it is bound to it’s antigen

20
Q

What is rheumatoid factor?

A

The anti-idiotype antibodies that can be tested for

21
Q

Where else can immune complex deposition in rheumatoid disease?

A

Lungs - Fibrosis

Blood vessels - vasculitis

Heart - myocarditis

Skin - rheumatoid nodules

22
Q

Whats a granuloma?

A

Collection of macrophages

23
Q

Why is the SAA protein increased in rheumatoid arthritis patients?

What can it lead to formation of?

A

It’s concentration is increased as it is produced in the liver as an acute phase protein, and it its production is increased in reaction to circulating cytokines

Can lead to the formation of amyloid

24
Q

Three main types of stroke?

A

Cerebral infarction (85%)

Intracerebral haemorrhage

Subarachnoid haemorrhage

25
Q

Two mechanisms of cerebral infarction?

A

Embolic

Thrombotic

26
Q

3 common causes of thrombus formation in the heart?

A

Atrial Fibrillation

Following an MI

cardiac valve vegetation due to endocarditis

27
Q

2 Gross neuroanatomical changes in alzheimers disease?

A

Enlargement of the lateral ventricles

Enlarged Sulci in temporal region - associated with memory

28
Q

Drugs used in alzheimers disease?

A

Donzepil - AchEI

Memantine - NMDA receptor antagonists

29
Q

genes associated with alzheimers?

A

Early onset: APP, presinilin 1 and 2

Late onset: APOE

30
Q

What CN does not have a nucleus in the brainstem?

A

Olfactory

31
Q

Main difference in Nephrotic and Nephritic syndrome?

A

Nephrotic: Protein

Nephritic: Blood

32
Q

What are the pathological changes (grossly) to the brain followoing stroke?

A

Infarction leads to death of all cells in the necrotic core

3-5 days after macrophages clear debris

1month - 5yrs the debris is removed and a liquid filled cysts remains (liquefactive necrosis0

33
Q

Causes of death due to stroke?

A

Immediate infarction of the brainstem

A few days later due to raised ICP or consequences of immobility (bronchopneumonia)

34
Q

What are watershed infarcts/strokes?

A

When there is ischaemia due to a systemic decrease in cerebral perfusion e.g. shock, this means the areas that are supplied by two cerebral arteries are at risk and bordering areas between two territories often infarct.

35
Q

Three main types of stroke?

A

Ischaemic

Parenchymal Haemorrhage

Subarachnoid Haemorrhage

36
Q

What type of stroke follows the rupture of a berry aneurysm?

A

Subarachnoid

37
Q

What is a berry aneurysm?

A

Saccular aneurysm of one of the main arteries of the circle of willis or one of it’s branches

38
Q

What disease predisposes particularly to saccular cerebral arteries?

A

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

39
Q

Methods to prevent re-bleeding in survivors of a saccular aneurysm rupture?

A

Insertion of metal coil into aneurysm to induce thrombosis

Clipping the neck of the aneurysm

40
Q

Common route of CNS infection?

A

Haematogenous

41
Q

Problems that survivors of meningitis have?

A

Adhesions in subarachnoid space

Epilepsy

Nerve palsy

42
Q

Complications associated with adhesions in the subarachnoid space?

A

Obstructive hydrocephalus

43
Q

Definition of abscess?

A

Collection of pus in tissue

44
Q

Three ways that TB can affect the brain?

A

Tuberculous meningitis, Tuberculous abscess and spinal osteomyelitis

45
Q

What is potts disease?

A

Infection of the vertebral column by TB followed by collapse of vertebrae associated with the inflammation, resulting in compression of the spinal cord

46
Q

Process of osteoarthritis?

A

The hyaline cartilage splits and softens, could be due to many things e.g. infection, damage or just wear and tear.

The hyaline cartilage is worn down exposing bone and resulting in inflammation when the bone rubs on the opposing surface

An effusion may form and the joint may be very swollen

47
Q

What is an effusion?

A

The Excess amount of synovial fluid in inflamed joints

NLM2 (14 decks)

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