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NLM2 > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Where do most aneurysms occur?

A

In the arterial circle

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2
Q

What are the two divisions that make up the circulation to the brain?

A

The anterior circulation and the posterior circulation.

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3
Q

What makes up the posterior circulation to the brain?

A

The two vertebral arteries that conjoin to form the basilar artery

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4
Q

What makes up the anterior circulation to the brain?

A

The internal carotid artery

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5
Q

What branches does the Basilar artery give off?

A

Forms the posterior cerebral artery then the posterior communication artery to join the circle of willis

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6
Q

What branches does the internal carotid give off

A

The middle cerebral artery is a direct continuation of the internal carotid.

Before the middle cerebral artery an opthalmic artery is given off and an anterior cerebral artery joined to the contralateral anterior cerebral artery by an anterior communicating artery

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7
Q

If the internal carotid artery became blocked what kind of affects would likely be seen?

A

One-sided blindness (homonymous hemianopsia)

If on dominant side for speech global aphasia would be seen

If on non-dominant side then contralateral hemineglect and motor contralateral hemiparesis or hemiplegia

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8
Q

If the Posterior circulation was affected what kind of syndromes would be seen? give examples

A

Brainstem syndromes:

Lateral medullary syndrome/medial medullary syndrome

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9
Q

What is alternating hemiplegia?

A

Seen in brainstem syndromes, when the cranial nerve on the ipsilateral side is affected and the motor long tract on the contralateral side is affected.

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10
Q

What are the two pathways of the spinothalamic tract?

A

The Direct and Indirect pathways

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11
Q

What fibres are involved in the direct and indirect pathways of the spinothalamic tract what are the characteristics of these fibres?

A

Direct: A δ fibres: Fast

Indirect: C-Fibres: Slow

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12
Q

Where in the grey matter of the spinal cord does the first neurone of both pathways of the spinothalamic tract synpase?

A

The Dorso-lateral fasciculus

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13
Q

What is the difference in the indirect pathway of the spinothalamic tract once it leaves the dorso-lateral fasciculus in the grey matter of the spinal cord?

A

The indirect pathway ascends ipsilaterally to synapse in the reticular formation, which is involved in arousal. It then synapses in the thalamus. It is a 4 neurone system

The direct pathway synapses in the VPL of the thalamus and then on to the primary sensory cortex. It is a 3 neurone system.

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14
Q

What is the paracentral lobule?

A

An area of the brain that includes both the Primary sensory cortex and the primary motor cortex.

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15
Q

What are the two areas of the pre-frontal cortex and their different roles?

A

DLPFC (Dorsal Lateral Pre-Frontal Cortex) Involved mainly in planning

VMPFC (Ventral Medial Pre-Frontal Cortex) Involved mainly in personality

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16
Q

The Association motor cortex is made up of what two areas? What are their individual roles?

A

Premotor Cortex and The supplementary motor area

The premotor cortex is involved in processing motor function involving visual cues

The supplementary motor area is involved in planning activity (e.g. the order of movements)

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17
Q

Briefly how is the sympathetic supply to the head achieved (from the hypothalamus to the sympathetic chain?)

A

The hypothalamus sends fibres down the DLF (dorsal lateral fasciculus)

To the Reticular formation in the brainstem

This travels down the reticulospinal tract to nuclei in the grey matter of the spinal cord

These then send fibres that ascend the sympathetic chain all the way to the superior cervical ganglion

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18
Q

From the superior cervical ganglion how do sympathetic fibres reach the head?

A

They leave the superior cervical ganglion and wrap themselves around the internal carotid artery and travel up through the carotid canal and then onto areas in the head

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19
Q

What is an example of a structure supplied by sympathetics in the head?

A

Dilator pupillae muscles

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20
Q

What are the two layers of the dura in the head?

A

The endosteal layer

The meningeal layer

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21
Q

What is inside the subarachnoid space in the head?

A

Cerebral arteries
cerebral Veins
CSF

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22
Q

What are the subarachnoid, subdural and extradural spaces located inbetween? which is the only non-potential space?

A

Extradural - inbetween skull and dura (potential)

Subdural - inbetween Meningeal layer of dura and the Arachnoid layer (potential)

Subarachnoid - between the arachnoid and the pia (non-potential - actually exists at all times)

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23
Q

Where are the venous sinuses located?

A

Across both the endosteal and meningeal layers of the dura

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24
Q

Which space is the middle meningeal artery located in?

A

The extra-dural space

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25
Q

Which space in the middle cerebral artery located in?

A

Subarachnoid space

26
Q

Who usually gets subdural haemorrhages?

A

Very young/Very old

27
Q

Which types of meningeal haemorrhage is arterial and which venous?

A

Extradural - arterial

Subdural - venous (bridging veins)

Subarachnoid (normally causes stroke - arterial normally)

28
Q

What are the roles of the thalamus?

A

Sensory roles (not olfactory):

Modulation

Integration

Relay of info

Gateway/gatekeeper (can change what is being put through)

29
Q

Three main divisions of the thalamus?

Where are the main clinically important nuclei?

A

Anterior
Lateral
Medial

Lateral

30
Q

What divisions of the lateral part of the thalamus?

A

Going anterior to posterior:

VA: Ventral anterior nucleus
VL: Ventral Lateral nucleus
VPL: Ventral posterior lateral nucleus
VPM: Ventral Posterior Medial nucleus
LGN: lateral geniculate nucleus
31
Q

Roles of the LGN?

A

Integration of optic functions

32
Q

The VPL and VPM both are involved in receiving sensory input, from where?

A

VPL - Body

VPM - Head

33
Q

What are the three cerebellar peduncles (name them)?

A

Superior, middle and inferior.

34
Q

Three main functions of the cerebellum?

A

Equilibrium - stability and balance

Position of muscles/tone, joint position (proprioception)

Co-ordination

35
Q

Clinical problems associated with cerebellar dysfunction? (don’t need to get all)

A 
Loss of co-ordination
Loss of ability to alternate between movements 
Intention tremor
Ataxic gait
Falls
Hypotonia
Slurred/expolsive speech
Nystagmus
36
Q

What are the muscles involved in the buccal phase of swallowing (bolus compression)? what are they innervated by?

A

Intrinsic tongue muscles (XII)

Ant. belly of digastric (V)

Tensor veli palatini (V)

Levator veli palatini (X)

37
Q

Muscles which elevate the larynx (Pharyngeal phase of swallowing) and their innervations?

A

Stylohyoid (VII)

Mylohyoid (VII)

Posterior belly of digastric (VII)

Stylopharyngeus (X)

geniohyoid (C1)

38
Q

What nerves control peristalis and the gag reflex?

A

Afferent: IX

Efferent: X

39
Q

What nerve specifically innervates the cough reflex?

A

Internal laryngeal branch of Vagus

40
Q

General functions of the basal ganglia?

A

Facilitate voluntary muscle movement

Suppress unwanted movement

control/adjust tone

Regulating background patterns of movement

41
Q

What does the VAN of the thalamus do?

A

Submits movement information

42
Q

What do the indirect and direct pathway for movement of the basal ganglia normally do? in parkinsons what happens?

A

Normally:

Direct facilitates efficient and targeted movement
Indirect cuases superfluous behaviour

Normally direct is facilitated and indirect is inhibited (with dopamine)

In parkinsons the direct becomes inhibited = less targeted movement

indirect is less inhibited (encouraged) = more superfluous behaviour

43
Q

What nerve precisely innervates the omohyoid, sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles?

A

Ansa Cervicalis

44
Q

What is the innervation to the Ansa Cervicalis

A

C1, 2 and 3

45
Q

What spinal root supplies geniohyoid thyrohyoid muscles?

A

C1

46
Q

Name the 6 main sinuses

A

Superior saggital

Inferior saggital

Right/left transverse sinus

Straight sinus

Cavernous sinus

47
Q

What are emissary veins?

A

Veins that pass through cranial openings and connect venous sinuses and extracranial veins

48
Q

What are the main layers of the eyeball, what do they contain?

A

An outer fibrous coat: Tough sclera, the cornea (continuous with the conjunctiva)

A middle vascular coat: choroid, Ciliary body, Iris, Pupil

An inner coat: retina

49
Q

Where does the cavernous sinus drain?

A

The transverse sinus

50
Q

If the ciliary body contracts, what is the effect on the lens?

A

The suspensory ligaments relax and so the lens becomes more convex

51
Q

Two chambers of the anterior segment of the eye?

A

Anterior - between cornea and iris

Posterior - between the iris and lens

52
Q

Where do the muscles of the eye originate?

A

The common tendinous ring

53
Q

What is the function of vallat, filliform and fungiform papillae?

A

Filliform - increase friction between food and tongue

Fungiform - taste buds

Vallate - also taste buds in the sulcus terminalis

54
Q

What is the arterial supply to the thyroid?

A

The Superior thyroid artery which branches off the external carotid

The inferior thyroid artery which branches off the thyrocervical trunk

55
Q

What is the venous supply to the thyroid?

A

The superior and middle thyroid veins drain to the internal jugular

The inferior descends in front of the trachea and joins the brachiocephalic vein

56
Q

What is the name of the space between the arterial wall and the pia mater?

A

perivascular space

57
Q

Where is the uncus?

A

The most medial part of the parahippocampal gyrus on the inferior part of the temporal lobe

58
Q

2 parts of the brain that may become herniated with a SOL in one cerebral hemisphere?

A

uncus, cerebellar tonsil

59
Q

How does interstitial fluid and AB get drained from the brain?

A

Along the blood vessel basement membrane in blood vessel walls

60
Q

Atrophy of what area of the brain is normally seen in Huntington disease?

A

The basal ganglia

61
Q

What is used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease?

A

AchEI - Donepezil

NLM2 (14 decks)

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