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Nutrition Exam 3 > Trace Minerals > Flashcards

Trace Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between trace minerals and major minerals?

A

Trace minerals are found in the body in extremely small amounts.

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2
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

loss of bone, usually due to calcium/vitamin D deficiency. There are two types.

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3
Q

Describe Osteoporosis type 1.

A

loss of spongy bone.

produces sudden breaks.

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4
Q

Describe Osteoporosis type 2.

A

slow loss of both spongy and compact bone.

compressed vertebrae, hunched back, hip breaks.

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5
Q

Why are women more likely than men to have osteoporosis?

A

lack of estrogen and also blood loss related to menopause AND they bare children (baby requires calcium so mothers body could take her calcium in her bone to give to the baby and also calcium is needed in abundance during lactation.)

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6
Q

At what age does osteoporosis usually start?

A

between 30-35 years old.

a loss of 6 inches from 50 years old to 80 years old.

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7
Q

What are some contributing factors of osteoporosis?

A

Age
Sex
Activity level (more active = slower degeneration)
Smoking/Alcohol (impairs ability to absorb nutrients)
Nutrition

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8
Q

What are the roles of Iron?

A
  • 2 forms: Ferrous (+2) and Ferric (+3)
  • acts as a cofactor to enzymes in redox reactions
  • found in amino acids, collagen, hormones, and neurotransmitters
  • major component of HEMOGLOBIN - red blood cells and myoglobin- gives muscle cells the red color
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9
Q

what is a redox reaction?

A
  • reduction + oxidation

- every reaction of the metabolism is a redox reaction

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10
Q

What is the significant of Fe2+ and Fe3+?

A

determines muscle color.

note… ground beef is wrapped tightly to maintain iron in the Ferrous form by creating an environment with little to no oxygen. Meat browns when it is exposed to oxygen and Fe2+ is oxidized into Fe3+.

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11
Q

Why is a female’s daily recommended intake of iron higher than a male’s?

A

she loses iron during menstruation

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12
Q

What is the most common nutrient deficiency worldwide?

A

Iron

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13
Q

What is Iron Deficiency Anemia?

A

-low hemoglobin synthesis due to lack of iron
S/S:
fatigue, weakness, headaches, poor resistance to cold temps, pale skin, pale tongue and conjunctiva

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14
Q

What can Iron Deficiency result in?

A
  • iron deficiency anemia
  • behavioral problems b/c of the impaired energy metabolism (irritable, can’t think straight, agitated)
  • Pica
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15
Q

What is Pica?

A

an appetite for nonfood substances. common with parasites because they use up the host’s iron source.

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16
Q

Iron Toxicity

A

Fe Poisoning - GI distress( constipation, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting)

Fe Toxicity- used to be rare

S/S:
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, rapid heartbeat, weak pulse, dizziness, confusion, organ damage

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17
Q

What is Hemochromatosis?

A
  • a genetic iron overload disorder.
  • excess absorption of Fe
  • Most common genetic disorder in US
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18
Q

What are the proteins that help in iron transport?

A
  • Mucosal Ferritin: intestines, captures Fe from food to storage
  • Mucosal Transferrin: Fe transport protein that takes Fe from storage to different parts of the body
  • Blood Transferrin: Fe transport protein that takes Fe from blood to the bone marrow after RBC are broken down (Iron recycling)
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19
Q

Heme vs. Non Heme Iron

A

Heme - animal source

Non Heme - plant source

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20
Q

What are the absorption-enhancing factors for Iron?

A

Fe-absorption peptides, Vitamin C, organic acid, sugar

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21
Q

What are the absorption-inhibiting factors for Iron?

A

fiber, Calcium, EDTA (ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid), tannic acid

EDTA: a member of the chelating agents. Chelating agents bind with minerals (in this case iron) so it can’t be absorbed anymore.

Tannic Acid: found in coffee, tea and wine

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22
Q

When are the stages of life where a person is more vulnerable to be deficient of Iron?

A
  • menstruation
  • pregnancy
  • lactation
  • young men who are growing
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23
Q

Where can you get Iron from?

A

red meat, fish, poultry, legumes, eggs, dark-green veggies, grain products

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24
Q

Why is it important to remember that minerals are not Vitamins?

A

-majority of vitamins are heat sensitive and are lost during the preparation of foods. Minerals are not heat sensitive and are virtually indestructible. you don’t need to worry about minerals not surviving cooking.

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25
Q

What roles does Zinc play?

A

Cofactor in metabolic processes like…

  • regulation of gene expression
  • stabilizes cell membrane
  • immune function, growth and development
  • insulin synthesis, storage and release
  • blood clotting, thyroid hormone function, retinal production
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26
Q

What aids in the absorption of Zinc?

A

Metallohionein

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27
Q

What aids in the transport of Zinc?

A

Albumin

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28
Q

Describe the Enteropancreatic circulation of Zinc.

A

intestine –> blood stream –> pancreas –> used to synthesize enzymes –> back into intestines in form of enzymes needed for digestion

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29
Q

Who is prone to Zinc deficiency?

A

Pregnant women, young children, the elderly, the poor

Middle Eastern people: their diet is low in Zn sources but high in fibers and phytate

30
Q

What are the deficiency symptoms of Zinc?

A

growth retardation, decreased pancreatic function(hinders digestion and absorption), decreased thyroid function and immune function, decreased Vitamin A metabolism, damage to the central nervous system

31
Q

Why is Zinc deficiency likely to be misdiagnosed?

A

the symptoms are broad

32
Q

What are the toxicity symptoms of Zinc?

A

vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, exhaustion.

33
Q

Zinc toxicity interferes with the metabolism of what nutrient?

A

Cu-Copper

34
Q

Where can you find Zinc?

A

shell fish like oysters, dairy products, grains, green veggies

35
Q

What are the roles of Iodine?

A

-THYROID hormone: body temp, metabolic rate, reproduction, growth

36
Q

A goiter is caused by ….

A

a deficiency of iodine or a toxicity of iodine

37
Q

What is a goiter?

A

an enlargement of they thyroid gland.

38
Q

What countries are goiters usually seen?

A

south America, asia, and africa

39
Q

S/S of Iodine deficiency?

A

fatigue, weight gain, cretinism

40
Q

Why should pregnant women watch their Iodine intake?

A

too much iodine can cause the baby to be born with a goiter which could result in suffocation in infants

41
Q

Where can you get Iodine?

A

salt, seafood, milk

42
Q

What are the roles of Copper (Cu)?

A
  • enzymatic reactions
  • Hb and collagen synthesis
  • wound healing
43
Q

What are the S/S of Copper deficiency?

A

RARE

anemia and bone abnormalities

44
Q

What is toxicity of Copper generally caused by and what are the S/S?

A

mostly genetic disorders like Menkes or Wilson’s

S/S: liver damage

45
Q

What are Copper sources?

A

legumes, greens, nuts, shell fish

46
Q

What are the roles of Manganese?

A
  • Manganese is found in bones, liver, kidneys and pancreas
  • cofactor for metabolic enzymes
  • bone formation
47
Q

High intakes of what two nutrients impair the absorption of Manganese?

A

Fe (iron) and Ca (calcium)

48
Q

Toxicity of Manganese results in what kind of disorder?

A

Nervous system disorder

49
Q

Roles of Fluoride.

A

-FLUOROAPATITE- strengthens bones and teeth

50
Q

S/S of Fluoride deficiency

A

tooth discoloration (yellowish)

51
Q

Source of Fluoride

A

Fluoridated drinking water

52
Q

What will minerals most likely be (roles) ?

A

coenzymes, cofactors

53
Q

What is the role of Chromium (Cr)?

A
  • aids in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism

- works with insulin

54
Q

What are the S/S of Chromium deficiency?

A

diabetes like symptoms… confusion, nerve damage

55
Q

What are the toxicity S/S of Chromium ?

A

unknown

56
Q

What roles does Selenium have?

A
  • Antioxidant Function (most minerals don’t have this): glutathione peroxidase (enzyme that works with Vitamin E), prevents free radical formation
  • helps activate thyroid hormones
57
Q

Selenium deficiency S/S

A

heart disease (Keshan in regions of China) and cancer

58
Q

What is Keshan Disease?

A
  • selenium deficiency

- named for the region in China where it is common

59
Q

Selenium toxicity S/S

A

hair loss, brittle nails, skin rash, fatigue, nervous system disorder

60
Q

Sources of Selenium

A

Meats and grains

61
Q

Roles of Molybdenum (Mo)

A

-enzyme cofactor

62
Q

What are the toxicity S/S of Molybdenum?

A

level only in humans, have not been set in humans

  • reproductive problems
  • kidney damage
63
Q

Sources of Molybdenum

A

milk, legumes, cereals and grains, bread, green vegetable

64
Q

Aspects of Lead

A
  • indestructible
  • chemically similar to nutrient minerals like Fe, Ca, Zn (lead has +2 charge)
  • displaces nutrient minerals w/o being able to perform their function (Fe in the heme- binds oxygen or Ca in the brain - synthesizes neurotransmitters and muscle contractions)
  • destroys the structure of RBCs
  • impairs the ability of WBCs to fight off infection
  • binds with anitbodies- don’t want antibody to bind with lead b/c you want the antibody to bind with an antigen so the antigen can get destroyed
65
Q

What are the heavy metals?

A

lead, mercury, cadmium

66
Q

Lead toxicity in children

A 
children put everything in their mouth which is why they are prone to lead poisoning 
Results in 
-learning disabilities (reduced short term memory and impairs concentration)
-Low IQ
-behavior problems
-slow growth
-Iron deficiency anemia
-dental caries
-sleep disturbances
-nervous system disorders, seizures
-impaired hearing
67
Q

Lead Toxicity S/S in Adults

A
  • hypertension
  • reproductive complication
  • kidney failure
68
Q

Bone Meal

A
  • ground bone
  • taken b/c the belief that is will increase calcium intake but actually could have the adverse effect because it may contain Lead
69
Q

Kelp and Nori

A
  • seaweed

- high in iodine, but may also have arsenic and other carcinogens

70
Q

Super Blue Green Algae

A

-freezedried pond “scum”
- sold in pills and powders
-loaded with claims that are not proven valid like….
memory and learning, immune function, heart health and circulation, digestion, more energy, weight control, decreased hunger, easing life transistions and transformations, understanding and accepting life experiences, listening to inner voices of guidance, rebuilding self esteem, nourishing and creating joy in our lives… etc etc etc

71
Q

Spirulina

A
  • company agreed to pay $225,000 to settle charges that they had made false claims about Spirulina
  • FDA concluded that there is no evidence that spiraling is effective as an appetite suppressant. the FDA has also noted that the “65 % protein” claim is meaningless b/c taken according to their label, spirulina products provide only a negligible amounts of protein.

Nutrition Exam 3 (6 decks)

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