Nutrition and illness Flashcards
Explain how caffeine is absorbed and secreted?
- absorbed and circulates within 30 mins after consumption
- broken down by the liver
- excrete by the kidney
What kind of stimulant is caffeine?
a mild stimulant
- heat production
- increases blood pressure
- increases urine output
- increases stomach acid
what does caffeine interfere with?
adenosine (pain during heart attacks)
what are some withdrawal symptoms of caffeine?
- # 1 HEADACHE
- drowsy, fatigue
what is decaffeinated coffee?
-never 100% caffeine free, usually 97% -98% free of caffeine
How is caffeine removed from coffee beans?
- while they are still green, before cooking
- soak in water or solvent (methylene chloride or ethyl acetate)
- then remove the beans from the water or solvent and roast
why does soaking coffee beans in just water do the same thing as using the chemical solvents?
-caffeine is water soluble
what are the two solvents used to remove caffeine from coffee?
methylene chloride and ethyl acetate
illness
altered state of health
stress
threat or demand on the body (physical or psychological)
what are some secondary factors of illness that affect nutrition?
- pain
- immobility
- drugs (may interfere with absorption)
- medical procedures
- psychological stress- don’t want to eat
Decubitus Ulcer
the breakdown of skin and underlying tissue b/c of constant pressure and lack of O2
What are the nonspecific body defenses?
- skin
- mucous membranes
- HCL in stomach
- Tears and Saliva
- normal microflora
- phagocytes
How is Skin a body defense?
- non specific, innate
- Keratin makes it more difficult for pathogens to penetrate
- natural acid is what kills the bacteria
How are mucus membranes a body defense?
- Non specific, innate
- found in respiratory tract, goblet cells,
- not only does the mucus keep things from sticking to underlying membranes but the cilia hair keeps things moving
what is another name for the nonspecific body defense?
innate immunity
How does HCL in the stomach act as a body defense?
- non specific, innate
- the acidity kills pathogens that enter so long as the number of pathogens is not in the millions or billions
How do tears and saliva act as body defenses?
- nonspecific, innate
- both contain lysozymes
lysozymes are enzymes that breakdown peptidoglycan (found in bacterial cell wall)
what is lysozyme?
- an enzyme found in tears and saliva
- lysozymes break down peptidoglycan which is part of the bacterial cell wall therefore killing the bacteria
How does microflora act as a body defense?
- non specific, innate
- compete with pathogens (pathogens have no where to grow If normal flora is already there)
- found in the intestines and on the skin
how to phagocytes act as a body defense?
- non specific, innate
- engulf and destroy pathogens
what are lymphocytes?
- part of the adaptive immunity
- agranular WBC
- first line of defense after the non specific body defense
What are the two types of lymphocytes?
B cells and T cells
Where do T cells mature?
made in bone marrow but travel to the Thymus to mature
Where do B cells mature?
made and mature in bone marrow
What are the two types of T cells?
T(H) helper T cells
and
T(C) cytotoxic T cells
What is the purpose of helper T cells?
produce cytokines (a chemical messenger) which turns immune system ON
What is the purpose of cytotoxic T cells?
kill cells, attack cancerous or transplanted cells
-which is why transplant patients have to be on immunosuppressants
What part of the immune system causes transplant patients to be put on immunosuppressants?
T(c)
cytotoxic T cells
What do B cells do?
-produce antibodies
When you receive a vaccination what part of the immune system is targeted?
The memory cells created by T cells and B cells, so that when a second exposure occurs the immune system can immediately recognize the antigen and not take as long to get to peak activity
What is a primary immune response and how long does it last?
- occurs during the first exposure to an antigen
- takes about 10 days for peak activity
Explain what happens during an immune response?
1) macrophage attaches to the antigen which turns on the T cell
2) the T cells differentiate into either active T or into memory cells
3) the active T turns on the B cells
4) the B cells differentiate into either Plasma cells or Memory cells
5) plasma cells are antibodies that bind to the microbe which leads to compliment recognition and destroying of the microbe
Name some effects of malnutrition.
- thinning of the mucus membranes
- shrinking of the GI tract( decreased absorption)
- shrinking of the lymphatic organs
- reduced number of T cells (body may not recognize certain antigens because of the lack of that specific T cell, or reaction may be slower)
- Phagocytes take longer to act
translocation
movement of bacteria from the intestine to the blood or body tissue (especially true if the bacteria is ingested and makes it to the intestines where it can be absorbed into the blood)
methotrexate
- an anticancer drug
- competes with folate
pyrimethane
- an anti malaria drug
- competes with folate
Aspirin
- competes with folate
- when vitamin C is abundant aspirin will circulate in the blood for a longer time
