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Nutrition Exam 3 > Infancy, Childhood, Adolescence, Adulthood and Later Years > Flashcards

Infancy, Childhood, Adolescence, Adulthood and Later Years Flashcards

1
Q

Describe weight gain during the first year of life.

A

-weight doubles during the first 5 months and triples by one year

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2
Q

what is the most important indicator of a baby’s future health?

A

birthweight

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3
Q

how and when should introduction of solid foods occur? why?

A
  • gradual

- at 4-6 months because after the baby’s weight doubles the Fe supply runs out

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4
Q

what nutrients are essential during infancy?

A
  • fat for energy
  • carbohydrates for brain/nervous system only use glucose
  • protein for growth and development
  • vitamin A, C, D, and Iodine for bone calcification
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5
Q

what should not be consumed by a child before the child is 1 year old?

A
  • Cows milk - contains casein which can cause diarrhea and intestinal bleeding
  • honey or corn syrup because it can contain botulism spores and infants don’t have the microflora that adults do
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6
Q

why should children under 3 not consume skim or low-fat milk?

A

they need the fat for brain development

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7
Q

Compare energy needs between an infant and adult

A
  • infants have faster heart and respiration rates so they require more calories per lb of weight. although they require more calories per lb of weight their overall caloric intake requirements will be less because obviously they weigh a lot less than adults
  • infants:45 cals/lb
  • adults: <18 cals/lb
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8
Q

What is the most common mineral deficiencies during infancy/childhood?

A

Fe and Zn

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9
Q

explain the myth about introducing vegetables before fruits?

A

most likely may not be true, could just be a genetic factor. if a baby has more taste buds (genetic factor) they will more than likely be more picky eaters because they can taste the bitterness in vegetables

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10
Q

what foods should be omitted from an infants diet?

A
  • concentrated sweets
  • sugar alcohols: diarrhea
  • canned vegetables: sodium
  • choking hazards like: carrots, cherries, gum, hard or gel-like candies, hot dogs, marshmallows, nuts, peanut butter, popcorn, raw celery, whole beans, and whole grapes
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11
Q

what are some concerns for infants raised in vegetarian households?

A
  • deficiencies: vitamin D, vitamin B12, iron, and calcium

- energy-dense foods are required: Fe-fortified cereal, milk, peanut butter

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12
Q

When is the best time to introduce new foods to children?

A

when they are hungry

at the beginning of a meal not at the end

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13
Q

T/F hunger and nutrient deficiencies affect behavior

A

true

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14
Q

what are some nutrition concerns during childhood?

A
  • lead poisoning
  • high sugar and fat intakes
  • iron deficiency
  • caffeine consumption
  • food allergies and food intolerances
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15
Q

energy requirements for a 1 yr old

A

800 calories

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16
Q

energy requirements for a 6 year old

A

1600 calories

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17
Q

energy requirements for a 12 year old

A

2000 calories

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18
Q

What are important nutrients during childhood?

A
  • carbs similar to adult needs
  • need more fat consumption
  • protein, vitamin and mineral needs increase slightly with age
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19
Q

why is it important to stress physical activity?

A

inactivity leads to childhood obesity

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20
Q

Missing meals especially breakfast can affect children how?

A

leads to problematic behavior and poor academic performance

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21
Q

how does iron deficiency affect children?

A

affects behavior, intellectual performance, attention span and learning ability

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22
Q

what may be mistaken as iron deficiency anemia during childhood?

A
  • lead toxicity induced anemia

- lead has ability to replace minerals without performing the tasks iron does

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23
Q

What causes food allergies?

A
  • usually protein, from intestines into the blood stream and then recognized as an antigen and elicits and immune system response
  • immediate response comes within minutes to hours and is due to histamines being released by Basophils (WBC)
  • could be a delayed response 1-3 days
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24
Q

what are the eight most common food allergies?

A

eggs, milks, soy, peanuts, tree nuts, wheat, fish and shellfish
-these must appear on food labels

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25
Q

food allergies affects what percentage of children?

A

3-5%

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26
Q

why is it important to introduce single-ingredient foods? how often can you introduce these foods?

A
  • to make sure the child does not have an allergic reaction to the food
  • one at a time, with a 4-5 day break between introducing new foods
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27
Q

what is the deference between food allergies and food intolerances?

A
  • food allergies elicit an immune response
  • food intolerances don’t (Chinese restaurant syndrome could be this because it doesn’t have to just be the protein in the food)
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28
Q

Infants who are allergic to eggs, milk and soy have been seen to what?

A
  • more likely overcome the allergy as they get older
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29
Q

What is Tension Fatigue Syndrome?

A
  • hyperactivity children experience because of lack of sleep or over stimulation and anxiety
  • important for children to have a schedule: regular sleeping hours, meal time and outdoor activity
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30
Q

how many hours of sleep are recommended for school aged children?

A

10 hrs

-most of them don’t

31
Q

What is the main problem of Tension Fatigue Syndrome?

A

overstimulation

-electronics can be too much for the child’s nervous system

32
Q

Anxiety and Tension Fatigue syndrome

A
  • anxiety disrupts sleep
  • broken family structures, fighting/money problems in the home, bullies at school etc
  • children are very selfish and can only think about their selves, so when there is a problem in the house they often think it is their fault
33
Q

sugar consumption and hyperactivity

A

if a child is hyperactive then of course sugar will make it worse but it has not been proven that sugar will cause hyperactivity in children who do not already suffer from it

34
Q

S/S of nutritional deficiencies

A
  • irritability
  • aggressiveness
  • sadness
  • hyperactivity
  • moodiness
  • depression
  • decreased attention
  • decreased ability to learn
  • moodiness and crankiness because brain doesn’t function properly because they aren’t getting their glucose requirement for their brain
  • important for children under 10 to eat every 4-6 hours to attain the 120 grams of glucose required by their brain
35
Q

when is a child considered overweight?

A

-BMI above the 95th percentile

36
Q

when is a child at risk for becoming overweight?

A

-BMI above the 85th percentile

37
Q

what are some genetic and environmental factors that lead to childhood obesity?

A
  • parental obesity
  • sedentary lifestyle
  • soft drink consumption
  • meals eaten away from home
38
Q

Describe obesity affects on a child

A
  • at first they grow taller, but then stops at a shorter height then they would have grown
  • have greater bone and muscle mass to support the extra weight
  • abnormal blood lipid profile( high cholesterol and high triglycerol)
  • high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, respiratory disease
  • not only a physical problem but causes emotional and social problems
39
Q

what is the treatment and prevention of childhood obesity?

A
  • diet: Focus on reducing the rate of weight gain rather than losing weigh
  • psychological and family support is important for setting up a good example and reinforcing food choices
  • begin treatment EARLY: before adolescence
40
Q

Why is it important to begin treatment for childhood obesity before adolescence?

A

-becomes harder to control when a child gets older because you cant control everything they eat

41
Q

Why should you not put a child on a diet?

A

because the child is still growing and if the focus in on losing weight they could become nutrient deficient

42
Q

What two nutrients are essential for the adolescent?

A

-Fe and Ca for muscle mass and bone growth

43
Q

What body composition changes occur during puberty for females?

A
  • 10 to 11 years
  • grow 6 inches taller
  • add fat
  • gain about 35 pounds
44
Q

what body composition changes occur during puberty for males?

A
  • 12-13 years
  • 8 inches taller
  • add lean body mass
  • gain 45 pounds
45
Q

Explain energy needs for the adolescent

A

vary widely from 1800 calories per day for an inactive female to 3500 calories per day for a highly active male

46
Q

Explain nutrient needs for the adolescent

A
  • vitamin D and calcium for bone formation (adolescences is peak bone mass)
  • Fe : different reasons for males and females
  • slight increase in protein needs
  • carbs and fats needs are similar to adults
47
Q

What are some nutritional concerns for the adolescent?

A
  • soft drink consumption replaces milk and juices
  • snack amount for about 1/4 of calorie intake for adolescences (usually high fat, high sodium and low fiber)
  • 1/3 of the meals are consumed away from the home: fast food restaurants
  • peer pressure and peer influences
48
Q

Marijuana

A
  • absorbed by the lungs
  • stored in the lungs, liver, brain & gonads
  • usually excreted from the body for about a week
  • increases munching, increased enjoyment of sweets
  • decreased immune system and short term memory
  • alters vision, judgment and speech
  • prolong use: hallucinations, anxiety, depression, brain damage
  • low concentrated doses can help medicinally
49
Q

cocaine

A
  • sold in powder form as “crack”
  • cravings for cocaine will replace hunger
  • weight loss is common
  • hyperactivity for several days
  • crash: fatigue, depression, problems, with memory and concentration
  • irritability, insomnia, arrhythmias (irregular heart beats) and heart attacks
50
Q

Tobacco

A
  • suppresses the feeling of hunger
  • interferes with vitamins C, A, and folate absorption
  • mutagen(DNA mutations) and teratogen(birth defects)
  • Cancers: lungs, mouth, throat, larynx, esophagus
  • smokeless tobacco has the same effects
51
Q

Good nutrition and regular physical activity have what effects?

A
  • increase life expectancy
  • support good health
  • prevent or prolonged the onset of disease
  • improve the quality of life
52
Q

what is physiological age and what is it influenced by?

A

estimated based on body health

effected by…

  • alcohol consumption
  • meal regularity
  • weight control
  • sleep adequacy
  • smoking
  • regularity of physical activity
53
Q

describe the aging process

A
  • physiological, psychological, economic, and social changes
  • body weight and body composition change
  • immune system gets compromised due to age
  • GI tract issues
  • tooth loss and ill fitting dentures
  • decrease in taste and smell sensitivities
54
Q

describe the body weight and body composition of the aging adult

A
  • 2/3 of US adults are overweight and obese

- for elderly people a BMI of 27 is ideal(even though for a normal adult that would be overweight)

55
Q

what is sarcopenia? What makes this worse?

A
  • seen in the aging adult
  • loss of muscle mass

-lack of exercise

56
Q

What happens to the GI tract of an aging adult?

A
  • slower motility: constipation
  • atrophic gastritis: impairs digestion and absorption of nutrients
  • dysphagia: difficulties in swallowing, can result in nutritional deficiencies
57
Q

Cataract

A
  • affects more than 50% of aging adults in the US
  • cloudy spots on the lens of the eye
  • lens can no longer transmit light
  • surgical removal
58
Q

what are other vision problems related to cataracts?

A
  • driving

- reading labels

59
Q

Arthritis

A
  • inflammation of the joints
  • osteoarthritis: deterioration of cartilage
  • good nutrition makes a difference!
  • joint supplements: conflicting results
60
Q

Why is it difficult to set RDA for the elderly?

A

-b/c individual differences become more pronounced, different genetic predispositions

61
Q

why is it important for the elderly to consume fiber?

A

metabolism slows with age, the digestion process slows and fiber can reduce constipation

62
Q

What vitamins and minerals are important for the aging adult in their later years?

A
  • vitamin B12 supplements for those with atrophic gastritis
  • Vitamin D, limited exposure to sunlight, decrease in skin’s capacity
  • less efficient Fe and Zn absorption
  • more efficient vitamin A absorption
63
Q

what is the biggest concern for the aging adult in their later years?

A

-poverty and loneliness leads to depression

64
Q

Describe the affect aging has on the brain

A
  • neurons diminish as people age
  • neurotransmitters need precursor nutrients(these nutrients aren’t as available)
  • decrease in blood supply
  • nutrients influence brain’s development and activity
  • short term memory, performance in problem solving tests, mental health, cognition, vision, neurotransmitter synthesis
65
Q

What are some things to do that promote growing old in a healthy way?

A
  • make good food choices
  • stop smoking
  • maintain good vision and hearing
  • take care to prevent accidents
  • take care of your teeth
  • reduce stress
  • control depression
  • be alert to confusion: may be a sign of disease
  • take medications as prescribed
  • practice mental skills
  • accept change
  • make financial plans early
  • be socially and physically active
  • stay interested in life
66
Q

Why is it important for the elderly to get the proper amount of protein in their diet?

A
  • because their immune systems are already compromised during age and if they lack protein their body will break down the immune system cells to make up for this deficiency
  • protect muscle mass
  • optimize bone mass
67
Q

what is a good rule of thumb for the energy needs as you age?

A

decrease by 5% every decade

68
Q

why do people tend to gain weight as they get older?

A

-not because they are eating more calories but because their energy requirements decrease as they age and they still eat the same amount of calories even though they should decrease it

69
Q

Why is it important that elderly people drink water?

A
  • elderly people get dehydrated very easily due to a decreased thirst mechanism (regulated by hormones that aren’t as abundant as a person ages)
  • dehydration can lead to UTI, pneumonia, confusion and disorientation
70
Q

what is the recommendation for water consumption for an elderly adult?

A

6 glasses a day

71
Q

What vitamin deficiency is it very rare to see an elderly adult with?

A

Vitamin A

72
Q

why are iron and zinc less efficiently absorbed in the elderly?

A

Fe and Zn require specific proteins to be absorbed. the aging process decreases the synthesis of these proteins therefore there just isn’t as much to bind with Fe and Zn

73
Q

Why do we have brain issues as we get older?

A

neurons diminish as people age

Nutrition Exam 3 (6 decks)

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