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Nutrition Exam 3 > Pregnancy and Lactation > Flashcards

Pregnancy and Lactation Flashcards

1
Q

Placenta

A

structure where mother’s and baby’s blood vessels flow side by side. nutrient and gas exchange occur here

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2
Q

amniotic sac

A
  • membrane, fluid-filled

- surrounds the baby

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3
Q

umbilical cord

A
  • continuous with the placenta

- fetal arteries and veins flow from the baby to the placenta

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4
Q

zygote

A

a fertilized egg (single cell)

-goes through rapid development, cell division

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5
Q

implantation

A
  • takes place during the 2nd week
  • zygote implants into the uterus
  • menstrual cycle stops
  • critical period for abnormalities
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6
Q

gestation

A

-from conception to birth

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7
Q

embryo

A
  • 2-8 weeks
  • cells double every 24 hours
  • 1/4 inch
  • CNS, hear, digestive system, finger and toes, facial features
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8
Q

Fetus

A

8 weeks onward until birth

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9
Q

When is the critical period for neural tube development?

A

-17-30 days

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10
Q

What does the term “critical period” mean?

A

times of intense development and rapid cell division that could result in defects if something traumatic occurs during this period

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11
Q

What is anencephaly?

A
  • upper end of the neural tube fails to close
  • brain missing or fails to develop
  • will result in miscarriage or death shortly after birth
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12
Q

What is Spina Bifida?

A
  • more common than anencephaly
  • incomplete closure of the spinal cord
  • meninges protrudes as a sac on the lower back, leads to meningitis
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13
Q

What are the causes of neural tube defects?

A

unknown however folate consumption decreases probability of neural tube defects

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14
Q

What time does critical development occur?

A

-2-12 weeks

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15
Q

What happens if a mother has poor nutrition during early pregnancy?

A

the placenta develops poorly

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16
Q

What do underweight mothers usually experience?

A
  • low birth weight babies
  • preterm births and infant deaths
  • impaired growth and development of the fetus
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17
Q

What are some issues that preterm babies experience?

A

-impaired growth and development even after delivery

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18
Q

What do overweight mothers usually experience?

A
  • 1/3 of the US population are obese
  • increased complications: gestational diabetes, hypertension
  • post term- above 9 pounds, difficult labor and delivery
  • poor health, heart defects, and other abnormalities
  • neural tube defects due to poor glycemic control
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19
Q

Describe the weight gain related to pregnancy

A
  • weight gain is essential, all pregnant women MUST gain weight
  • especially true for adolescent pregnancy
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20
Q

What can a sudden large weight gain create during pregnancy?

A

preeclampsia

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21
Q

Why is fat gain necessary during pregnancy?

A

for lactation

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22
Q

What is the recommended weight gain for an overweight mother?

A

15-25 lbs

1st trimester-2lbs, then 2/3 pound per week until delivery

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23
Q

What is the recommended weight gain for a normal weight mother?

A

25-35 lbs

1st trimester - 3.5 lbs, then 1 lb per week until delivery

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24
Q

what is the recommended weight gain for an underweight mother?

A

30-40 lbs

1st trimester - 5 lbs, then just over 1lb per week until delivery

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25
Q

What is the recommended weight gain for a mother carrying twins?

A

35-45 lbs

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26
Q

Who should end for the upper end of the suggested target?

A

adolescents and African Americans

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27
Q

Who should end for the lower end of the suggested target?

A

short women (5 feet 2 inches or shorter)

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28
Q

What are the nutrition requirements for pregnant women?

A
  • 1st trimester: 340 extra calories per day
  • 2nd trimester: 450 extra calories per day
  • protein: extra 25 grams
  • essential long chain fatty acids :Omega-3 & Omega-6
  • vitamin D, folate, vitamin B12
  • Fe, Zn, Ca
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29
Q

Why is it essential for pregnant women to consume essential long chain fatty acids Omega-3 and Omega-6?

A
  • DHA and EPA

- essential for brain development of the fetus

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30
Q

why is it essential for pregnant women to consume iron?

A

the baby stocks up on iron for its first few weeks and the mother will need extra iron because she will experience blood loss during the birth

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31
Q

why is it essential for pregnant women to consume Zinc?

A

import for the fetus to perform DNA and RNA synthesis

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32
Q

Why is it essential for pregnant women to consume Calcium?

A

bone formation for the fetus

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33
Q

Pregnant women are at risk for what form of anemia?

A

pernicious anemia (B12)

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34
Q

Why do pregnant women have food cravings and aversions? What are the recommendations to deal with these cravings?

A
  • hormonal changes: Changes in taste and smell sensitivity
  • these cravings do not reflect physiological needs
  • recommendation: eat within reasons
35
Q

Why do pregnant women get morning sickness? What do doctors recommend for pregnant women who experience morning sickness?

A
  • estrogen increase
  • may be aggravated by smell
  • recommendation: eat bland food, get up slowly, eat in smaller portions, eat dry crackers or toast, chew gum, avoid food with strong offensive odors
36
Q

Why do pregnant women get constipated? What is the recommendation for this?

A
  • hormones altering muscle tones, usually harmless

- recommendation: eat high fiber foods, drink at least 8oz of fluid per day, respond immediately to the urge to go

37
Q

Why do pregnant women get heartburn? What is the recommendation for this?

A
  • cause: reflux of stomach acid as fetus grows, very common
  • recommendation: eat slowly, eat more frequently in smaller portions, sit up while eating, wait at least 1 hr after meal before lying down, avoid spicy and greasy foods
38
Q

why do pregnant women get hemorrhoids? what can be done to help this?

A
  • cause: weight of the baby pressing down on blood vessels

- recommendation: exercise

39
Q

What are some common problems associated with pregnancy?

A
  • food cravings and aversions
  • nausea and morning sickness
  • constipation
  • heartburn
  • hemorrhoids
40
Q

what is a normal weight for a baby at birth?

A

7-8 lbs ( 6lbs and above is acceptable)

41
Q

what is the most important indicator of a baby’s future health?

A

birthweight

42
Q

what is considered a low birth weight (LBW)?

A

5.5 lbs or less

43
Q

what do LBW babies commonly experience?

A
  • trouble breathing(lungs aren’t fully developed)
  • complications during delivery
  • physical and mental birth defects
  • of infants who die before their first birthdays, about two–thirds were LBW newborns
44
Q

Babies 3.5 lbs or less are considered what?

A

Very-low birth weight infants

-can experience cognitive development and abilities

45
Q

What are some high risk pregnancy factors?

A
  • pregnancy BMI /= 25
  • insufficient or excessive pregnancy weight gain
  • nutrient deficiencies or toxicities; eating disorders
  • poverty, lack of family support, low level of education, limited food availability
  • smoking, alcohol, drug use
  • teens, especially 15 yrs or younger
  • women over 35
  • many previous pregnancies
  • short or long intervals between pregnancies(59 months)
  • previous history of problems
  • twins or triplets
  • low or high birth weight infants
  • development of gestational hypertension
  • development of gestational diabetes
  • diabetes, hypertension, heart, respiratory and kidney disease, certain genetic disorders, special diets and medications
46
Q

Pregnant women who have diabetes before getting pregnant

A
  • glycemic control in the 1st trimester is critical ( lower possibility of complication)
  • hypo or hyperglycemia, spontaneous abortions, hypertension
  • diabetic mothers will have large infants, physical and mental abnormalities
47
Q

Pregnant women who have hypertension before getting pregnant

A
  • complicates pregnancy, especially during delivery
  • health risks for mothers: heart attack and stroke
  • low birth weight infants
  • placenta abruption
48
Q

what is placenta abruption?

A

premature separation of the placenta

  • will result in preterm labor or stillbirth
  • once placenta detaches the baby cant get nutrients from the mother
49
Q

what is gestational diabetes?

A
  • pregnancy related form of diabetes: 1 in 25 women
  • usually develops during the 2nd half of pregnancy (20 weeks and over)
  • secretion of hormones by the placenta causes the baby to get glucose and the mother to use fat for energy, if this hormone is too abundant then that is when there will be too much glucose in the blood and not actually feed the mother’s own cells even though the baby doesn’t need anymore
  • usually resolves itself after the end of the pregnancy
  • in obese mothers it may develop into Type 2 diabetes in the future
50
Q

what is preeclampsia?

A

characterized by….

  • high blood pressure and protein in the urine
  • swelling due to fluid retention, affects almost all of the mother’s organs
  • S/S usually regress 48 hrs after delivery
  • diminished blood flow to the placenta retards fetal growth
  • could result in placenta abruptions
  • could progress to eclampsia (convulsion and coma)
51
Q

what is the major cause of maternal death?

A
  • eclampsia

- maternal death is not common in well developed countries, but when it does happen it is often a result of eclampsia

52
Q

Adolescent pregnancy

A
  • during the adolescent years multiple deficiencies are common, pregnancy makes these worse
  • common complications: iron-deficiency anemia, prolonged labor
  • hypertension and miscarriage: 50% higher in teen pregnancies
  • premature labor, still births, LBW, infant date
53
Q

although infant death is higher in adolescent pregnancies what is the “silver lining” in adolescent pregnancies?

A

-maternal death is lowest for mothers under age 20

54
Q

What is a teratogen?

A

-anything that causes birth defects
Examples
-nicotine: premature delivery, limited oxygen supply
-alcohol: prenatal and postnatal growth retardation, FAS
-tetracycline (broad spectrum antibiotic)- yellowing of teeth and shortened long bones
-Cancer treatments chemotherapeutic agents: inhibit rapidly dividing cells and ionizing radiation:10-18 weeks of pregnancy
-thalidomide- tranquilizer in the late 1950s

55
Q

Incompatible practices: Alcohol consumption

A
  • concentrates in the baby 10 times higher

- FAS(Fetal Alcohol Syndrome):TOTALLY PREVENTABLE

56
Q

aspirin and pregnancy

A
  • Fe deficiency
  • decreases fetal circulation
  • uterine contraction
57
Q

amphetamines and pregnancy

A

-nervous system damage and behavioral abnormalities

58
Q

cocaine and pregnancy

A

-paralysis, mental and physical damage

59
Q

opiates and pregnancy

A

mental and physical damage, learning disabilities

60
Q

Excessive consumption of Vitamin A and pregnancy

A

-malformations of the cranial nervous system

61
Q

caffeine consumption and pregnancy

A
  • baby has limited ability to metabolixe
  • increase risk of fetal death (8 or more cups a day)
  • jittery baby, limit to 1 cup a day
62
Q

dieting and pregnancy

A
  • deprivation of glucose

- brain development of the fetus

63
Q

smoking and pregnancy

A
  • chromosomal damage
  • restricted blood and oxygen supply
  • complications in birth
  • LBW
  • SIDS(sudden infant death syndrome)
  • behavioral and intellectual problems
64
Q

Breastfeeding requires how many calories per day?

A

500

  • approximately 350 from food source
  • approximately 150 from fat stores
  • milk is maintained at the expense of the mother
65
Q

Smoking and lactations

A

reduces milk volume

66
Q

what are some things that can enter breast milk?

A

alcohol, caffeine and some drugs

67
Q

lactation and post-pregnancy weight loss

A
  • breastfeeding may accelerate weight loss

- on average:1-2 lbs per month for the first 4-6 months

68
Q

on average how many pounds does a mother retain after weight loss per delivery?

A

2 lbs

69
Q

What is in breast milk?

A
  • contains fat and enzymes that digest it
  • protein: alpha lactalbumin (digested easily) and lactoferrin (Fe absorption)
  • essential fatty acids: linoleic and linolenic acid
  • high in Vitamin C and low in Vitamin D
  • Zn-binding protein: helps Zn absorption
  • antibodies: passive immunity
  • Bifidus Factors: promote the growth of lactobacillus
70
Q

What are the two proteins found in breastmilk?

A

alpha lactalbumin: digested easily
and
lactoferrin: promotes Fe absorption

71
Q

what are the two essential fatty acids found in breastmilk?

A

linoleic and linolenic acid

72
Q

why do babies require some sunlight?

A

breast milk in low in Vitamin D

73
Q

what part of breast milk promotes the growth of lactobacillus in an infants intestinal tract?

A

Bifidus factors

74
Q

The American Academy of Pediatrics and American Dietetic Association recommend breastfeeding for how long?

A
  • exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months

- breastfeeding with complimentary foods for at least 12 months

75
Q

what is colostrum?

A
  • the thick milk a mother produces the first few days after birth
  • rich in protein, antibodies, vitamins and minerals
  • immune protection for the baby
  • very little carbohydrates and fat
76
Q

Why may a baby experience weight loss for a few days right after birth?

A

colostrum in low in carbohydrates and fats

77
Q

What is the recommended frequency and duration of breastfeeding?

A
  • first few weeks:8-12 feedings per day on demand, every 2-3 hours
  • 10-15 minutes on each breast
78
Q

what are some advantages of breastfeeding?

A
  • immunological protection from the colostrum and Bifidus factors
  • allergy and disease protection: fewer allergies, lower blood pressure and blood cholesterol as adults
  • less obesity as adults
  • later intelligence, better learning capacity
79
Q

What is a breast milk bank?

A

breast milk is donated much like a blood bank. available by prescription

80
Q

Infant formulas must be fortified with what nutrient?

A

Fe iron

81
Q

what causes Fetal alcohol syndrome?

A
  • alcohol consumption by the mother during pregnancy
  • studies have also showed that alcohol consumption by the FATHER in the month before conception could also result in FAS
82
Q

what are the S/S of FAS?

A
  • brain damage
  • growth and mental retardation(anxiety, attention to detail)
  • facial and vision abnormalities (short upturned nose, extra eye folds, narrow forehead)
  • health problems
83
Q

when is the most sever impact of alcohol during a pregnancy?

A

the first 2 months of pregnancy

84
Q

what is a percentile growth chart?

A
  • developed for both girls and boys (different charts for each)
  • based on birth weight

Nutrition Exam 3 (6 decks)

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